The Psychosocial and Behavioral Characteristics Related to Energy Misreporting

Energy underreporting occurs in 2% to 85% and overreporting in 1% to 39% of various populations. Efforts are needed to understand the psychosocial and behavioral characteristics associated with misreporting to help improve the accuracy of dietary self-reporting. Past research suggests that higher social desirability and greater eating restraint are key factors influencing misreporting, while a history of dieting and being overweight are more moderately associated. Eating disinhibition, body image, depression, anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation may be related to energy misreporting, but evidence is insufficient. This review will provide a detailed discussion of the published associations among psychosocial and behavioral characteristics and energy misreporting.     

明尼苏达州酒后驾车者安全带的使用(文摘)

目的 :近来与饮酒有关的交通事故发生率下降 ,原因之一是大多数的州制定了座椅安全带使用的法律。座椅安全带的使用与司机饮酒之间是否相关 ,尽管这方面的证据很少 ,甚至互相矛盾 ,人们怀疑酒后驾车者更有可能不遵守这一法律。本研究的目的在于检查司机饮酒与座椅安全带使用之间的关系。方法 :1 990年 9月夜间 ,在明尼苏达州 1 6个社区收集的观察、自我报告和化学呼气测醉试验资料。结果 :血液酒精浓度超过法定标准 (ＯＲ 1 0 0ｍｇ/ｄｌ)的驾车者 ,很少有人愿意使用安全带 (比值比ＯＲ =2 1 7) ;女性使用座椅安全带的较多 (ＯＲ =2 0 2 …     

Development and dissemination of an aspiration risk reduction diet

Patients with oropharyngeal swallowing disorders secondary to neurologic impairments benefit from diets that minimize the risk of aspiration. An aspiration risk reduction diet was developed from our hospital's regular menu cycle. Examples of the diet's preparation, dissemination, and use in a 600-bed acute medical/surgical teaching hospital are discussed.     

Kinetics of removal and reappearance of non-transferrin-bound plasma iron with deferoxamine therapy

The rapidity and duration of the response of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBPI) to chelation therapy are largely unknown and have important implications for the design of optimal chelation regimens. Methodology was developed to measure simultaneously NTBPI, deferoxamine (DFO), and its major metabolite. NTBPI was present in all but 2 of 28 thalassaemia major (TM) patients who had received conventional subcutaneous DFO the previous night, suggesting a short duration of NTBPI clearance by DFO. The detailed kinetics of NTBPI were therefore studied in response to intravenous DFO at 50 mg/kg/27 h for 48 hours and compared in 17 regularly transfused TM and 8 untransfused thalassaemia intermedia (TI) patients to determine the influence of hypertransfusion and iron overload on NTBPI response. Before DFO infusion, NTBPI was present in all patients and was significantly higher in TI (4.52 +/- 0.53 mumol/L) than TM (2.92 +/- 0.03 mumol/L; P = .03). NTBPI values in TM correlated with transferrin saturation (r = .6, P = .03) but not with serum ferritin. Removal of NTBPI by intravenous DFO is in a biphasic manner. The initial rapid rate constant (alpha) was similar in TI (1.5 hour-1) and TM (1.6 hour-1), but the subsequent beta phase was slower (0.04 hour-1) in TI when compared with TM (0.4 hour-1, P = .002). Detectable NTBPI persisted during the beta phase, particularly in TI, despite an excess of plasma DFO also being present (steady state 8 mumol/L). On cessation of DFO infusion, NTBPI reappearance was rapid; the kinetics also being biphasic. The rapid initial rate constant (alpha = 2.5 hour- 1) lasted less than 30 minutes and was approximately equal to the summation of the initial rate constant for removal of DFO (1.8 hour-1) and its major metabolite (0.6 hour-1). This was followed by a slower return to pretreatment levels, usually between 6 and 12 hours, which was faster in TI than in TM. This marked NTBPI lability supports the use of continuous rather than intermittent DFO in high risk patients.     

Chronic Psychological Stress and Racial Disparities in Body Mass Index Change Between Black and White Girls Aged 10–19

Background

One of the largest health disparities in the USA is in obesity rates between Black and White females.

Purpose

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the stress–obesity link is stronger in Black females than in White females aged 10–19.

Methods

Multilevel modeling captured the dynamic of acute (1 month) and chronic (10 years) stress and body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) change in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, which consists of 2,379 Black and White girls across a span of socioeconomic status. The girls were assessed longitudinally from ages 10 to 19.

Results

Higher levels of stress during the 10 years predicted significantly greater increases in BMI over time compared to lower levels of stress. This relationship was significantly stronger for Black compared to White girls.

Conclusion

Psychological stress is a modifiable risk factor that may moderate early racial disparities in BMI.