全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4596篇 |
免费 | 443篇 |
国内免费 | 13篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 11篇 |
儿科学 | 139篇 |
妇产科学 | 85篇 |
基础医学 | 674篇 |
口腔科学 | 106篇 |
临床医学 | 402篇 |
内科学 | 729篇 |
皮肤病学 | 44篇 |
神经病学 | 367篇 |
特种医学 | 225篇 |
外科学 | 813篇 |
综合类 | 127篇 |
一般理论 | 31篇 |
预防医学 | 361篇 |
眼科学 | 63篇 |
药学 | 531篇 |
中国医学 | 10篇 |
肿瘤学 | 334篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 33篇 |
2021年 | 74篇 |
2020年 | 40篇 |
2019年 | 68篇 |
2018年 | 73篇 |
2017年 | 46篇 |
2016年 | 60篇 |
2015年 | 74篇 |
2014年 | 99篇 |
2013年 | 155篇 |
2012年 | 214篇 |
2011年 | 209篇 |
2010年 | 125篇 |
2009年 | 114篇 |
2008年 | 175篇 |
2007年 | 180篇 |
2006年 | 231篇 |
2005年 | 204篇 |
2004年 | 208篇 |
2003年 | 177篇 |
2002年 | 179篇 |
2001年 | 183篇 |
2000年 | 192篇 |
1999年 | 169篇 |
1998年 | 74篇 |
1997年 | 75篇 |
1996年 | 48篇 |
1995年 | 55篇 |
1994年 | 56篇 |
1993年 | 57篇 |
1992年 | 122篇 |
1991年 | 112篇 |
1990年 | 98篇 |
1989年 | 82篇 |
1988年 | 94篇 |
1987年 | 70篇 |
1986年 | 66篇 |
1985年 | 62篇 |
1984年 | 45篇 |
1983年 | 41篇 |
1982年 | 34篇 |
1980年 | 31篇 |
1979年 | 56篇 |
1978年 | 41篇 |
1977年 | 44篇 |
1976年 | 38篇 |
1975年 | 36篇 |
1974年 | 32篇 |
1973年 | 43篇 |
1972年 | 27篇 |
排序方式: 共有5052条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
32.
33.
S Jenkins B Arroll S Hawken R Nicholson 《The British journal of general practice》1997,47(415):107-108
An essential mode of contact between general practitioners (GPs) and hospital staff is the referral letter. This must be clear and concise with sufficient information to aid the GP, the consultant and the patient. In order to ensure this, a proposal was made for the use of a structured or standardized referral letter: a form letter. This report shows that form letters were shorter than typed letters. Form letters were also proven to contain more information than nonform letters. 相似文献
34.
M L Nicholson P S Veitch P K Donnelly A J Flower P R Bell 《Transplantation proceedings》1990,22(4):1811-1812
35.
Intrapericardial teratoma. Ultrasonic and pathological features 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
36.
Parental and professional responses to questionnaires evaluating a paediatric disability service are reported and the viability of auditing structural, process, and outcome aspects of clinical practice are discussed. Expectations of waiting time to first appointment (met for only 52% of consumers) illustrate structural issues. Process issues are reflected in consumer reactions to outreach work (for example, 94% of parents and 84% of professionals found this supportive). Outcome measures such as consumer satisfaction with the service (76% of consumers reported being 'very satisfied' and 20% 'fairly satisfied') suggest that service aims are being met. Good concurrence of service aims with consumer needs is indicated by parental reasons for referral (for example, 75% for diagnostic help, 73% for a better understanding of the disorder, 88% for practical help), referrers' reasons (for example, 55% for a second diagnostic opinion, 45% due to lack of local expertise), and reports from most other professionals involved with the case that a similar service was not provided locally. 相似文献
37.
Biochemical characterisation of para-aminophenol-induced nephrotoxic lesions in the F344 rat 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Kevin P. R. Gartland Frank W. Bonner John A. Timbrell Jeremy K. Nicholson 《Archives of toxicology》1989,63(2):97-106
The acute biochemical effects of the nephrotoxin p-aminophenol (PAP) were studied in detail using a combination of conventional bioanalytical and 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods. Dosing PAP (25–100 mg/kg) to male F344 rats resulted in a dose-related proximal nephropathy with consequent elevations in urinary enzymes, glucose, and urine total protein as shown by conventional methodology. 1H-NMR spectroscopy at 400 MHz of urine from PAP-treated rats also revealed a characteristic glycosuria, with concomitant amino aciduria. The increased excretion of these compounds indicates functional defects in the proximal tubule and reduced solute reabsorption efficiency. In addition, 1H-NMR urinalysis and conventional enzymatic analysis showed a dose-related lactic aciduria. Other changes detected by 1H-NMR included a dose-related reduction in the excretion of citrate (confirmed by a conventional biochemical method) and an increase in the excretion of acetate. The degree of abnormalities shown by 1H-NMR urinalysis agreed well with histopathological observations and conventional biochemical indices of nephrotoxicity. 1H-NMR urinalysis therefore serves to highlight changes in the excretion of low MW urine components not routinely studied by conventional biochemical analysis.Abbreviations ALP
alkaline phosphatase
- APAP
paracetamol
- BUN
blood urea nitrogen
- GFR
glomerular filtration rate
- GOT
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase
- LAP
leucine aminopeptidase
- LDH
lactate dehydrogenase
- MW
molecular weight
- NAG
N-acetyl--D-glucosaminidase
- PAP
p-aminophenol
- ppm
parts per million
- TMAO
trimethylamine N-oxide
- UFR
urine flow rate 相似文献
38.
Hydrolysis of peptides within lumen of small intestine 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
39.
Unaltered thyroid function in mice responding to a highly immunogenic thyrotropin receptor: implications for the establishment of a mouse model for Graves' disease. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Clinical and experimental immunology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
G Carayanniotis G C Huang L B Nicholson T Scott P Allain A M McGregor J P Banga 《Clinical and experimental immunology》1995,99(2):294-302
Grave's disease (GD) is a common disorder characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor. In the past, the exceedingly low expression of the thyrotropin receptor on thyrocytes has not allowed its purification in quantities sufficient to investigate the establishment of an animal model for this disease. In this study, we have purified the 398-amino acid, extracellular region of the human thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R.E) from insect cells using recombinant baculovirus, and explored its immunopathogenic properties in H-2b,d,q,k,s strains of mice. The receptor preparation was highly immunogenic since it elicited strong specific proliferative T cell responses as well as IgG responses in all strains tested. In addition, hyperimmunization with TSH-R.E induced (i) serum antibodies that blocked the binding of 125I-TSH to its receptor, a common feature of GD autoantibodies; and (ii) IgG that reacted with a synthetic peptide (residues 32-54) from the N-terminus of the receptor, a region implicated in the binding of thyroid stimulating antibodies. In SJL animals only, a weak antibody response to two other thyroid antigens, thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase, was also observed. The presence of these antibodies, however, was not accompanied by a detectable alteration in thyroid function as assessed by the measurement of serum TSH, T4 and iodine levels. Also mononuclear infiltration of the thyroid gland or morphological changes compatible with an activation state of thyrocytes were not apparent in TSH-R-challenged mice. In contrast, mice treated with the anti-oxidant aminotriazole showed a dramatic increase in serum TSH levels and an activated follicular epithelium. These data demonstrate that a highly immunogenic TSH-R.E in mice does not necessarily provide a proper stimulus for the induction of a hyper- or hypothyroid status as defined by hormonal or histological criteria. Main reasons for the inability to induce receptor-specific antibodies that affect thyroid function such as those generated in GD are likely to be the inappropriate folding of the recombinant extracellular domain of the receptor, or the xenogeneic nature of the autoantigen. 相似文献
40.
Nash LG Phillips MN Nicholson H Barnett R Zhang M 《Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.)》2004,17(4):287-293
Skin ligaments (SL) (L. retinacula cutis) are present extensively in the face, hands, feet, and in breast tissue, but have seldom been reported elsewhere in the body. The traditional histological view of the subcutaneous region is that it comprises a matrix of loose connective tissue devoid of fibrous specializations. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and distribution of skin ligaments. Eight embalmed cadavers (3 males, 5 females, 69-90 years of age) were used in this study. Tissue was prepared using the E12 plastination technique. Macroscopic and microscopic examination demonstrated the widespread presence in the limbs and most of the rest of the body of fibrous strands linking the base of the dermis and the superficial fibers of the underlying deep fascia. The morphology and distribution of these skin ligaments were similar in the individuals examined. Variations in the structure of the skin ligaments depended on the presence of underlying muscle, neurovascular bundles, intermuscular septa and adipose tissue. We conclude that skin ligaments are complex fibrous structures that are present over most of the body. They form an extensive peripheral network in the subcutaneous fat. These 'ligaments' seem to provide an anchorage of skin to deep fascia that is flexible and yet resistant to mechanical loading from multi-directional forces. The use of the E12 plastination technique coupled with fluorescent confocal microscopy has been of benefit in visualizing and delineating SLs from other soft tissue structures in three planes. 相似文献