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91.
Systematic review: probiotics in the management of lower gastrointestinal symptoms – an updated evidence‐based international consensus
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92.
Andi Camden Jennifer Levy Kate Bassil Loren Vanderlinden Olanna White Barnett Leia M. Minaker Kate Mulligan Monica Campbell 《Journal of nutrition education and behavior》2018,50(6):573-581
Objective
Assess the consumer nutrition environment in midsize to large supermarkets by supermarket type and area-level socioeconomic variables.Design
Cross-sectional census of 257 supermarkets using the Toronto Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in Stores.Setting
Toronto, Canada.Variables Measured
Availability; price and linear shelf space of fruits and vegetables vs energy-dense snack foods by supermarket type; after-tax, low-income measure; and neighborhood improvement area.Analysis
Multivariate linear regression.Results
There was a high availability of fruits (7.7 of 8) and vegetables (9.5 of 11). There was similar linear shelf space for fruits and vegetables vs energy-dense snack foods (ratio, 1.1?m). Adjusted fruit prices were lowest in quintiles 1 (β?=??$1.30; P?=?.008), 2 (β?=??$1.41; P?=?.005), and 3 (β?=??$1.89; P?<?.001) vs quintile 5 (lowest percentage of people living with low income) and in ethnic (β?=??$3.47; P?<?.001) and discount stores (β?=??$5.64; P?<?.001) vs conventional. Adjusted vegetable prices were lowest in quintiles 2 (β?=??$1.87; P?=?.04), 3 (β?=??$1.78; P?=?.03), and 4 (β?=??$2.65; P?=?.001) vs quintile 5 and in ethnic (β?=??$7.10; P?<?.001) and discount (β?=??$5.49; P?<?.001) stores. They were highest in other (β?=?+?$3.08; P?=?.003) vs conventional stores. Adjusted soda and chips prices were lower in discount (β?=??$1.16; P?<?.001) and higher in other stores (β?=?+?$0.67; P?<?.001) vs conventional.Conclusions and Implications
Findings do not indicate inequities in shelf space, availability, or price across diverse neighborhoods. Practitioners can use findings to help consumers navigate supermarkets to make healthy choices. 相似文献93.
94.
95.
Ultrastructural localization of human platelet thrombospondin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor in frozen thin section 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
We have investigated the localization of thrombospondin (TSP), fibrinogen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor in human platelets by transmission electron microscopy of antibody-stained ultrathin frozen sections. In negatively stained thin sections, alpha granules were identified on the basis of their smooth, roughly spherical shape, size, single limiting electron-lucent 100 A membrane, and frequent presence of electron-dense nucleoid. In contrast, mitochondria exhibited characteristic double membranes and cristae. Sections were separately stained with affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies to these proteins as well as with three monoclonal anti-TSP antibodies. Antibody specificity was documented in radioimmunoassays, by immunofluorescent cross-blocking, and by staining of bands of appropriate mobility in Western blots of whole platelets. Bound antibody was visualized using a 5-nm colloidal gold-avidin conjugate. In resting cells, staining of virtually all alpha granules was observed for all four proteins. In contrast, consistent staining was absent from other organelles, including plasma membranes, mitochondria, and vacuolar structures that may represent the open canalicular system. 相似文献
96.
Fibronectin binding to thrombin-stimulated platelets: evidence for fibrin(ogen) independent and dependent pathways 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Plasma fibronectin binds in a specific and saturable manner to thrombin- stimulated platelets. gamma-Thrombin stimulated 80% as much fibronectin binding to platelets as alpha-thrombin with conversion of less than or equal to 1% of platelet fibrinogen to fibrin. Afibrinogenemic and normal platelets bound similar quantities of fibronectin in the presence of calcium or magnesium-ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid (EGTA). These observations indicate that fibronectin can interact with platelets without involvement of fibrin or fibrinogen. Nevertheless, two different effects of fibrin(ogen) on fibronectin binding were observed. First, exogenous fibrinogen inhibited fibronectin binding to thrombin-stimulated platelets. This inhibition was unidirectional, as fibronectin did not inhibit fibrinogen binding to ADP or thrombin- stimulated cells. Second, formaldehyde-fixed cells with surface- associated fibrin bound significant quantities of fibronectin. This interaction required calcium and did not occur on fixed cells with or without surface-bound fibrinogen. A portion of the ligand bound to fixed cells with surface-associated fibrin was modified to form a derivative with a molecular weight identical to that of the fibronectin subunit cross-linked to the alpha-chain of fibrin. This high mol wt derivative was also observed to a variable extent with living cells in the presence of magnesium or calcium but not in the presence of magnesium-EGTA. Thus, fibronectin binds to platelets by at least two mechanisms: (1) a fibrin(ogen)-independent pathway that requires divalent ions and is inhibited by exogenous fibrinogen; and (2) a fibrin-dependent pathway with an absolute calcium requirement. With nonaggregated, thrombin-stimulated platelets, the former pathway appears to predominate. 相似文献
97.
The metabolic effects of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative men 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Lee GA Seneviratne T Noor MA Lo JC Schwarz JM Aweeka FT Mulligan K Schambelan M Grunfeld C 《AIDS (London, England)》2004,18(4):641-649
BACKGROUND: Therapy with HIV protease inhibitors (PI) has been shown to worsen glucose and lipid metabolism, but whether these changes are caused by direct drug effects, changes in disease status, or body composition is unclear. Therefore, we tested the effects of the PI combination lopinavir and ritonavir on glucose and lipid metabolism in HIV-negative subjects. METHODS: A dose of 400 mg lopinavir/100 mg ritonavir was given twice a day to 10 HIV-negative men. Fasting glucose and insulin, lipid and lipoprotein profiles, oral glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, and body composition were determined before and after lopinavir/ritonavir treatment for 4 weeks. RESULTS: On lopinavir/ritonavir, there was an increase in fasting triglyceride (0.89 +/- 0.15 versus 1.63 +/- 0.36 mmol/l; P = 0.007), free fatty acid (FFA; 0.33 +/- 0.04 versus 0.43 +/- 0.06 mmol/l; P = 0.001), and VLDL cholesterol (15.1 +/- 2.6 versus 20 +/- 3.3 mg/dl; P = 0.05) levels. There were no changes in fasting LDL, HDL, IDL, lipoprotein (a), or total cholesterol levels. Fasting glucose, insulin, and insulin-mediated glucose disposal were unchanged, but on a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test glucose and insulin increased. There were no changes in weight, body fat, or abdominal adipose tissue by computed tomography. CONCLUSION: Treatment with 4 weeks of lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative men causes an increase in triglyceride levels, VLDL cholesterol, and FFA levels. Lopinavir/ritonavir leads to a deterioration in glucose tolerance at 2 h, but there is no significant change in insulin-mediated glucose disposal rate by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. 相似文献
98.
Belshe RB Stevens C Gorse GJ Buchbinder S Weinhold K Sheppard H Stablein D Self S McNamara J Frey S Flores J Excler JL Klein M Habib RE Duliege AM Harro C Corey L Keefer M Mulligan M Wright P Celum C Judson F Mayer K McKirnan D Marmor M Woody G;National Institute of Allergy Infectious Diseases AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group HIV Network for Prevention Trials 《The Journal of infectious diseases》2001,183(9):1343-1352
Live attenuated viral vectors that express human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens are being developed as potential vaccines to prevent HIV infection. The first phase 2 trial with a canarypox vector (vCP205, which expresses gp120, p55, and protease) was conducted in 435 volunteers with and without gp120 boosting, to expand the safety database and to compare the immunogenicity of the vector in volunteers who were at higher risk with that in volunteers at lower risk for HIV infection. Neutralizing antibodies to the MN strain were stimulated in 94% of volunteers given vCP205 plus gp120 and in 56% of volunteers given vCP205 alone. CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells developed at some time point in 33% of volunteers given vCP205, with or without gp120. Phase 3 field trials with these or similar vaccines are needed, to determine whether efficacy in preventing HIV infection or in slowing disease progression among vaccinees who become infected is associated with the level and types of immune responses that were induced by the vaccines in this study. 相似文献
99.
Selection for animal cells that express the Escherichia coli gene coding for xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. 总被引:43,自引:2,他引:43
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R C Mulligan P Berg 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》1981,78(4):2072-2076
Cultured monkey (TC7) and mouse (3T6) cells synthesize an Excherichia coli enzyme, xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (XGPRT; 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose-1-diphosphate:xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.22), after transfection with DNA vectors carrying the corresponding bacterial gene, Ecogpt. In contrast to mammalian cells, which do not efficiently use xanthine for purine nucleotide synthesis, cells that produce E. coli XGPRT can synthesize GMP from xanthine via XMP. After transfection with vector-Ecogpt DNAs, surviving cells producing XGPRT can be selectively grown with xanthine as the sole precursor for guanine nucleotide formation in a medium containing inhibitors (aminopterin and mycophenolic acid) that block de novo purine nucleotide synthesis. Cells transformed for Ecogpt arise with a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-5); they appear to be genetically stable in as much as there is no discernible decrease in XGPRT formation or loss on their ability to grow in selective medium after propagation in nonselective medium. Although several of the vector-gpt DNAs can replicate in monkey and mouse cells, none of the transformants contain autonomously replicating vector-gpt DNA. Rather, the gpt transformants contain one to five copies of the transfecting DNA associated with, and most probably integrated into, cellular DNA sequences. In several transformants, vector-coded gene products for which there was no selection are also synthesized. This suggests that recombinant DNAs containing Ecogpt as a selective marker can be useful for cotransformation of nonselectable genes. 相似文献
100.
Simian virus 40 DNA directs synthesis of authentic viral polypeptides in a linked transcription-translation cell-free system. 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
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B E Roberts M Gorecki R C Mulligan K J Danna S Rozenblatt A Rich 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》1975,72(5):1922-1926
A linked cell-free system has been developed which is capable of transcribing and translating mamalian viral DNA, and its characteristics and requirements are outlined. In this system, simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA Form I (supercoiled) directed the synthesis of discrete polypeptides up to 85,000 daltons in size. One of these products was indistingusihable from authentic major virus capsid protein VPI, as judged by mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels, antibody predipitation, and peptide analyses. The cell-free products larger than VPI comprised a number of polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 50,000 to 85,000. These polypeptides demonstrated no immunological relationship whatsoever to the structural protein VPI. However, two of these products, along with one of approximately 25,000 dlatons, were precipitated with antiserum to SV40 tumor antigen. Linear SV40 DNA generated by the cleavage of Form I DNA with the restriction endonuclease EcoR1 was an efficient template in this system and also directed the synthesis of a polypeptide migrating with VPI on polyacrylamide gels. The potential of this system for defining a functional map of a DNA genome is discussed. 相似文献