中国12城市烟酒食品零售业和餐饮场所控烟标识设置隋况的调查

目的了解中国城市烟酒食品零售业场所和餐饮场所控烟标识的设置情况。方法以北京、天津、上海、青岛、杭州、绍兴、苏州、南通、镇江、成都、西宁、哈尔滨12城市54个城区333个调查点内所有销售烟、酒、食品的零售业场所和从事餐饮服务场所为研究对象,采用观察法了解场所内外控烟、禁烟标识的设置及其信息内容。结果共45700个场所纳入分析。12城市各类零售业场所入口处、内部控烟标志标识率分别为3.6%和4.4%, 内部略高,综合人口处和内部情况整体标识率约为7.0%。餐饮场所入口处标识率为4.6%,高于零售商店。不同城市、不同类型场所间标识率均存在差异, 营业规模较大的场所(大型综合商店、连锁快餐、中大型餐馆)的控烟标识率要好于规模较小的场所。有控烟信息的场所仅18.5%在其内外均设置标识。控烟标识内容以“禁止吸烟”标语或图像为主, 声明无烟场所不足所有控烟场所的10%。结论调查城市中零售业和餐饮场所控烟信息标识情况整体较低, 城市间、场所规模间、场所人口和内部间标识设置所表现出的差异, 提示现有的控烟政策仍然有很大的改善空间。     

Identification and Assessment of Public Health Surveillance Gaps under the IHR (2005)

Objective

To conceive and develop a model to identify gaps in public health surveillance performance and provide a toolset to assess interventions, cost, and return on investment (ROI).

Introduction

Under the revised International Health Regulations (IHR [2005]) one of the eight core capacities is public health surveillance. In May 2012, despite a concerted effort by the global community, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported out that a significant number of member states would not achieve targeted capacity in the IHR (2005) surveillance core capacity.Currently, there is no model to identify and measure these gaps in surveillance performance. Likewise, there is no toolset to assess interventions by cost and estimate the ROI.We developed a new conceptual framework that: (1) described the work practices to achieve effective and efficient public health surveillance; (2) could identify impediments or gaps in performance; and (3) will assist program managers in decision making.

Methods

Published articles and grey-literature reports, manuals and logic model examples were gathered through a literature review of PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and other databases. Logic models were conceived by categorizing discrete surveillance inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes. Indicators were selected from authoritative sources or developed and then mapped to the logic model elements. These indicators will be weighted using the principle component analysis (PCA), a method for enhanced precision of statistical analysis. Finally, on the front end of the tool, indicators will graphically measure the surveillance gap expressed through the tool’s architecture and provide information using an integrated cost-impact analysis.

Results

We developed five public health surveillance logic models: for IHR (2005) compliance; event-based; indicator-based; syndromic; and predictive surveillance domains. The IHR (2005) domain focused on national-level functionality, and the others described the complexities of their specific surveillance work practices. Indicators were then mapped and linked to all logic model elements.

Conclusions

This new framework, intended for self-administration at the national and subnational levels, measured public health surveillance gaps in performance and provided cost and ROI information by intervention. The logic model framework and PCA methodology are tools that both describe work processes and define appropriate variables used for evaluation. However, both require real-world data. We recommend pilot testing and validation of this new framework. Once piloted, the framework could be adapted for the other IHR (2005) core capacities.     

Speciation of Arsenic in Environmental Samples of the Nha Trang Harbor,Vietnam, Using HPLC Coupled HG-AAS

A coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Hydride Generation-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy system was used to determine the speciation of Arsenic in samples from the Nha Trang Harbor, Vietnam. Concentrations of Arsenic in seawater, pore water, suspended solid, and sediment were 4.12–9.81 μg/L, 13.10–24.32 μg/L, 1.87–6.42 μg/g, and 3.37–9.06 μg/g, respectively. Extraction using H₃PO₄ + NH₂OH·HCl and ultrasonic digestion was optimized to yield a 76–85% of total Arsenic. Arsenic (III) was the most abundant species in suspended solids and sediments whereas Arsenic (V) represented for 30–50% of Arsenic (III) concentration. Monomethylarsonic acid and Dimethylarsinic acid species were undetectable.     

A cost–effectiveness analysis of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Cambodia

This study aimed to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of introducing a live, attenuated vaccine (SA 14-14-2) against Japanese encephalitis (JE) into the immunization program. The study demonstrated that SA 14-14-2 immunization is cost–effective in controlling JE in Cambodia compared to no vaccination. Averting one disability-adjusted life year, from a societal perspective, through the introduction of SA 14-14-2 through routine immunization, or a combination of routine immunization plus a campaign targeting children 1–5 or 1–10 years of age, costs US$22, US$34 and US$53, respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed that there was a high probability of SA 14-14-2 immunization being cost–effective under conditions of uncertainty.     

Monosomy of chromosome 3 and an inflammatory phenotype occur together in uveal melanoma

PURPOSE: In uveal melanoma, different predictors of poor prognosis have been identified, including monosomy of chromosome 3, HLA expression, and the presence of infiltrating leukocytes and macrophages. Each of these parameters can be used to differentiate prognostically the favorable tumors from the unfavorable ones, and thus the hypothesis for the present study was that they are related, and that monosomy of chromosome 3 occurs in the same tumors as the unfavorable inflammatory phenotype. METHODS: Tumor tissue was obtained from 50 cases of uveal melanoma treated between 1999 and 2004. After enucleation, nuclei were isolated from paraffin-embedded tissue for fluorescence in situ hybridization, to determine the chromosome 3 copy number. Each tumor-containing globe was further processed for conventional histopathologic examination and for immunohistochemical analysis with HLA class I and II-specific antibodies and with macrophage marker CD68. RESULTS: Of 50 uveal melanomas, 62% (31/50) were categorized as having monosomy of chromosome 3. Monosomy 3 was associated with the presence of epithelioid cells, an increased density of tumor-infiltrating macrophages, and a higher HLA class I and II expression. Survival analyses showed a correlation between monosomy 3 and decreased survival and identified monosomy 3, ciliary body involvement, and largest basal tumor diameter as the best prognostic markers. CONCLUSIONS: Monosomy 3 in uveal melanoma is associated with the presence of an inflammatory phenotype, consisting of a high HLA class I and II expression as well as an increased number of tumor-infiltrating macrophages. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, the presence of monosomy 3 was one of the best prognostic markers of metastatic disease and survival, although the follow-up time was short.     

中药贝母中水溶性成分的研究

根据4种贝母抑制由PAF诱导血小板聚集部位筛选结果,从平贝母的水溶性活性部位中分得胸苷和腺苷等成分。试验表明腺苷为抑制聚集的主要成分。提示核苷类可能是贝母中除生物碱外的另一类活性成分。     

Decaffeinated green and black tea polyphenols decrease weight gain and alter microbiome populations and function in diet-induced obese mice

Purpose

Decaffeinated green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) polyphenols inhibit weight gain in mice fed an obesogenic diet. Since the intestinal microflora is an important contributor to obesity, it was the objective of this study to determine whether the intestinal microflora plays a role in the anti-obesogenic effect of GT and BT.

Methods

C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HF/HS, 32% energy from fat; 25% energy from sucrose) or the same diet supplemented with 0.25% GTP or BTP or a low-fat/high-sucrose (LF/HS, 10.6% energy from fat, 25% energy from sucrose) diet for 4 weeks. Bacterial composition was assessed by MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene.

Results

GTP and BTP diets resulted in a decrease of cecum Firmicutes and increase in Bacteroidetes. The relative proportions of Blautia, Bryantella, Collinsella, Lactobacillus, Marvinbryantia, Turicibacter, Barnesiella, and Parabacteroides were significantly correlated with weight loss induced by tea extracts. BTP increased the relative proportion of Pseudobutyrivibrio and intestinal formation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) analyzed by gas chromatography. Cecum propionic acid content was significantly correlated with the relative proportion of Pseudobutyrivibrio. GTP and BTP induced a significant increase in hepatic 5′adenosylmonophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation by 70 and 289%, respectively (P < 0.05) determined by Western blot.

Conclusion

In summary, both BTP and GTP induced weight loss in association with alteration of the microbiota and increased hepatic AMPK phosphorylation. We hypothesize that BTP increased pAMPK through increased intestinal SCFA production, while GTPs increased hepatic AMPK through GTP present in the liver.

     

Effects of dexamethasone on selective lymphocyte subpopulations in hypercortisolemic patients with anorexia nervosa and with bulimia nervosa: Preliminary report

The studies reported here describe the effects of intravenous (IV) administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on certain neuroendocrine and immunological measures in hypercortisoiemic patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and with bulimia nervosa (BN). The results demonstrate that failure to suppress cortisol levels after DEX administration in patients with AN is associated with failure to reduce the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), the ratio of CD4-to-CD8 lymphocytes, the percent and number of circulating CD4 lymphocytes, and the percent and number of virgin CD4 cells (CD4+CD45RA+). Administration of DEX to patients with BN suppressed plasma ACTH and cortisol levels, reduced the CD4/CD8 ratio and the percent and number of CD4 and of CD4 + CD45RA+ lymphocytes, and increased the percent and number of circulating CD8 lymphocytes. Administration of DEX failed to alter other immune measures in either patient population, including circulating populations of B and natural killer cells, the proliferative response to T-cell mitogen, and the number of glucocorticoid receptors in circulating lymphocytes.     

Synthesized MR images: comparison with acquired images

Synthesized and directly acquired spin-echo images were compared in order to assess the validity of magnetic resonance (MR) image synthesis as a method enabling retrospective formation of images by interactive manipulation of scan parameters. Synthetic images subjectively compared favorably in both accuracy and precision with acquired images when formed for the same values of echo (TE) and repetition times (TR) and for interpolated and extrapolated values of both TE and TR. Plots of synthetic and acquired signals within the same pixel sectors quantitatively showed comparable values for several regions of interest in the brain. Percent error and noise-normalized differences between acquired and synthetic images were tested as a quantitative measure of accuracy. Percent error was consistently less than 5% for brain parenchyma, and synthetic signals were accurate to within four times the noise level at acquisition. The apparent signal-to-noise ratio of synthetic images was comparable, superior, or inferior to similar acquired images, depending on the values of TE and TR. Total acquisition time required for synthetic formation of images for arbitrary values of TE and TR was equivalent to that of a single direct acquisition with a TR of 2,500 msec.     

Pregnant women living in areas of endemic fluorosis in Senegal and low birthweight newborns: case-control study

BackgroundIn developing countries, maternal and neonatal mortality is high. Among the causes of death during the neonatal period, low birth weight is crucial. A dose of fluoride beyond 2 mg/L causes enamel damage, possibly affecting the fetus. The aim of this study was to search for an association between dental fluorosis in the mother and low birthweight of the newborn.MethodologyThis was a case–control study performed in an endemic area in Senegal (Diourbel). It included 108 mothers who gave birth to newborns weighing less than 2500 g (cases) and 216 mothers with newborns weighing greater or equal to 2500 g (controls). Data on socio-demographic, lifestyle, history and pregnancy variables were collected. Those related to water consumption during pregnancy and dental fluorosis (Dean's index) were measured. The data were analyzed by R software. Logistic regression was used to identify associations and the statistical significance level was set to 0.05.ResultsThe proportions of mothers consuming well water were 62% among cases versus 43.5% among controls. The score 4 of Dean's Index was reported for 25.9% of cases versus 6.9% of controls. The water consumed and the modal score of Dean's Index were significantly associated with the occurrence of low birthweight adjusted for gender, consanguinity, anemia and hypertension.ConclusionLow birthweight was associated with pregnant women living in endemic areas. Defluoridation programs and access for pregnant women and children to high quality water are necessary in areas of endemic fluorosis.