How Mentor Support Interacts With Mother and Teacher Support in Predicting Youth Academic Adjustment: An Investigation Among Youth Exposed to Big Brothers Big Sisters of Canada Programs

This study examines three potential contributions (i.e., additive only, hierarchical compensatory, and hierarchical conditional) of mentor support to youth academic adjustment, taking into account interactions with support from mothers and teachers. We derived data from a larger study of the Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) of Canada community mentoring program. The sample included 427 youth (average age 9.8 years; 64% girls, 56% White) who received one-to-one community-based mentoring for at least three months. We assessed perceptions of support from mothers and teachers before the match and assessed perceptions of support from mentors five times throughout the mentoring experience. Hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that mentor support predicted positive changes in youth academic adjustment (i.e., school attitude, academic self-efficacy, assistance seeking, and problem solving) mainly when mentees already reported high support from their mother. This finding clearly supports the conditional model and invites researchers to question the assumption that mentoring constitutes a corrective experience for young people (i.e., the compensatory model). BBBS agencies are strongly encouraged to involve parents in the mentoring process and to view them as experts, assets, and allies in their effort to meet the youth’s needs.     

Attitudes of GPs towards the provision of acupuncture on the NHS

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the attitudes of General Practitioners (GPs) to acupuncture, whether they think it should be available on the NHS and, if so, how it should be provided. DESIGN: Attitudinal postal survey. SETTING: All 65 practising GPs in the 12 GP practices of the Melton Rutland & Harborough Primary Care Group, UK. RESULTS: A response rate of 83% was achieved. The main findings show that 59% of GPs agreed that acupuncture should be available on the NHS, 83% agreed that it can be clinically useful and 72% that it can be cost effective. Among GPs who acknowledged the potential for an increased role for acupuncture on the NHS there was support for the provision of treatment from either medical or non-medical practitioners, delivered at either NHS or non-NHS premises, and with the NHS providing some, or all, of the required funding. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that a majority of GPs are in favour of acupuncture being more widely available on the NHS.     

The association of eating behavior with risk for morbidity in older women

BACKGROUND: Although an influence of eating behavior on dietary intake and physiology has been documented in several studies, the extent to which eating behavior influences long-term health is uncertain. METHODS: Current dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger were assessed using the Eating Inventory in 1252 nonsmoking women aged 55 to 65 years. In addition, subjects reported the presence or absence of 22 specific morbidities, along with general demographic information. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between eating behavior scores and morbidity, adjusting for age, prior smoking status, hormone replacement therapy, education level, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: In adjusted models excluding BMI, higher disinhibition scores were associated with small increased risks for hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, p =.045), leg cramps (OR 1.05, p =.044), indigestion (OR 1.06, p =.020), and cataract (OR 1.09, p =.036), and a decreased risk of eczema (OR 0.91, p =.008). In addition, higher hunger scores were associated with increased risk of eczema (OR 1.09, p =.026). However, after adjusting for confounding variables plus BMI, higher disinhibition scores were associated with increased risks for low back pain (OR 1.06, p =.031) and constipation (OR 1.10, p =.004), and associations of disinhibition and hunger with eczema were unchanged (OR 0.90, p =.008 and OR 1.09, p =.024, respectively). Dietary restraint was not associated with morbidity in any model. CONCLUSIONS: Higher disinhibition and hunger scores were associated with small alterations in reported morbidity risk in a large population of nonsmoking older women. Although our cross-sectional study design makes the directionality of these relationships unclear, our results suggest at most a relatively minor independent influence of eating behavior constructs on long-term health.     

The Measurement Properties of Mentoring Relationship Quality Scales for Mentoring Programs

The measurement properties of two new scales designed to measure global and engagement mentoring relationship quality (Global Mentoring Relationship Quality Scale and Quality of Mentoring Relationship Engagement Scale) were examined among 272 mentors, 491 children, and 554 parents participating in Big Brothers Big Sisters community mentoring programs across Canada. Results demonstrated their unidimensionality, moderate convergent validity, good external validity, and weak-to-moderate reporter concordance. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated good predictive validity of mentor and parent mentoring relationship quality scales with respect to predicting mentoring relationship status.     

Seated and semi-recumbent positioning of the ventilated intensive care patient – Effect on gas exchange,respiratory mechanics and hemodynamics

Objectives

To compare the effect of semi-recumbent and sitting positions on gas exchange, respiratory mechanics and hemodynamics in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation.

Background

Upright positions are encouraged during rehabilitation of the critically ill but there effects have not been well described.

Methods

A prospective, randomized, cross-over trial was conducted. Subjects were passively mobilized from supine into a seated position (out of bed) and from supine to a semi-recumbent position (>45° backrest elevation in bed). Arterial blood gas (PaO₂/FiO₂, PaO₂, SaO₂, PaCO₂ and A–a gradient), respiratory mechanics (V_E,V_T, RR, C_dyn, RR/V_T) and hemodynamic measurements (HR, MABP) were collected in supine and at 5 min and 30 min after re-positioning.

Results

Thirty-four intubated and ventilated subjects were enrolled. The angle of backrest inclination in sitting (67 ± 5°) was greater than gained with semi-recumbent positioning (50 ± 5°, p < 0.001). There were no clinically important changes in arterial blood gas, respiratory mechanic or hemodynamic values due to either position.

Conclusions

Neither position resulted in significant changes in respiratory and hemodynamic parameters. Both positions can be applied safely in patients being weaned from ventilation.     

DNA repair by articular chondrocytes. V. O6 methylguanine-acceptor protein activity in resting and cultured rabbit and human chondrocytes

The level of O6-methylguanine acceptor protein activity was examined in rabbit and human articular chondrocytes of different ages. The activity per microgram of DNA in rabbit chondrocytes was 5-fold lower than in humans. There was no age-dependent decrease in the activity of resting or cultured chondrocytes of either species. The values for resting cells were comparable to those of cultured cells. The lack of age-related differences in methyltransferase activity, in contrast to nucleotide excision repair [Mech. Ageing Dev. 32 (1985) 39-55], indicates that separate repair systems behave differently with respect to chronological aging. The methyl transferase activity may be more essential for survival of articular chondrocytes and therefore more highly conserved with age.