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71.
72.
Yumary Ruiz Vincent Guilamo-Ramos Katharine McCarthy Miguel A. Mu?oz-Laboy Maria de Lourdes Rosas López 《American journal of public health》2014,104(6):1036-1044
Migration and population movement are increasingly viewed as important factors associated with HIV transmission risk. With growing awareness of the potential impact of migration on HIV transmission, several perspectives have emerged that posit differing dynamics of risk. We considered available data on the role of migration on HIV transmission among Mexican migrants in New York City and Puebla, Mexico. Specifically, we examined 3 distinct models of migratory dynamics of HIV transmission—namely, the structural model, the local contextual model, and the interplay model. In doing so, we reframed current public health perspectives on the role of migration on HIV transmission.The epidemiological literature related to Latinos and HIV in the United States highlights geographic disparities in disease burden.1 HIV/AIDS cases among Latinos are clustered geographically, such that Latinos experience increased vulnerability as a function of residence in high-risk physical and geographic areas.2 Recent trends in HIV infection demonstrate that Latino mobility and migratory patterns are potentially associated with increased HIV incidence.3 As a result, several key dynamics to account for the role of migration and HIV transmission have emerged in recent literature. However, to adequately address the current HIV epidemic among Latinos, greater consideration of each of these mechanisms and enhanced attention to the role of geography and migration is warranted.4 Recent findings increasingly draw attention to the role of population mixing and movement, geography, and other physical spaces as important factors for understanding Latino HIV disparities.5 We build upon this work by examining the available empirical literature on HIV and migration in relation to the social structures and contexts in which risk behavior takes place. Specifically, we explored 3 mechanisms for the impact of migration on HIV transmission through the case of Mexican migrants in New York City (NYC) and Puebla.As the epicenter of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States, NYC is one such high-risk geographic area.6 New York City has an incidence rate 3 times the national average and the highest number of AIDS cases relative to any other metropolitan city.6 Latinos in the city are disproportionately affected by the disease and are twice as likely to be diagnosed with HIV/AIDS compared with non-Hispanic Whites.7 Furthermore, although Latinos account for approximately 25% of the population in NYC, they represent 33% of NYC persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).8,9 Among NYC Latinos, HIV occurs primarily among adults through high-risk sexual behavior and intravenous drug use.10 Specifically, Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) constitute the majority of cases (40%), followed by injection drug users (27%).10 These data suggest that in NYC, Latino MSM and intravenous drug users bear the burden of HIV disease. However, a significant proportion of Latina women in NYC infected with HIV are exposed through high-risk sexual activity (67%) and represents a steady proportion of new HIV diagnoses among women in recent years.11HIV/AIDS is of particular concern among Latinos as they are more likely to experience delays in access to care, which results in adverse health outcomes. For example, Latinos, particularly Mexicans with low levels of acculturation, are less likely to obtain an HIV test.12 Those who are diagnosed often experience rapid progression to AIDS, suggesting that many Latinos are diagnosed late in their infection.6 In 2011, for example, 31% of Latinos diagnosed with HIV in NYC were concurrently diagnosed with AIDS, compared with only 15% of Whites.11 Late diagnosis puts Latinos at greater health risks because they do not receive the benefits of early antiretroviral treatment.13 In addition to late diagnosis and delayed treatment, obstacles in access to HIV treatment for Latinos include lack of a designated routine health care provider and adequate health insurance.14Increasingly, the Latino population in NYC has undergone important demographic changes.15 Specifically, migratory changes have shifted the composition of the Latino population in NYC, introducing new Latino subgroups to a geographic area of heightened HIV risk. Traditionally, the Latino population in NYC has been classified as largely stemming from the Caribbean—specifically, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. However, Mexicans, whose US migration patterns have traditionally been associated with the areas of the Southwest, are increasingly moving to NYC, a nontraditional receiving community.For example, the Mexican population in NYC in 2010 was more than 5 times what it was in 1990.16 In 1990, an estimated 56 700 Mexicans were living in NYC; by 2000, this number grew to 180 000, and later to 325 000 in 2010.16 Foreign-born males with less than a high-school education represent the bulk of the Mexican population growth and a significant portion of this population attains employment in NYC.15 By 2024, it is predicted that Mexicans will be the most populous Latino ethnic subgroup in the largest city of the United States.17 One notable feature of NYC’s Mexican community is that nearly half (45%) originates from the state of Puebla in east-central Mexico, although other sources suggest far higher proportions (more than 70%).18 Data from the American Community Survey demonstrate that Mexican-born persons are geographically clustered in specific target communities, predominantly the Bronx and Queens (Figure 1).19Open in a separate windowFIGURE 1—Foreign-born from Mexico by Public Use Microdata Areas in New York City: 2006–2008.Note. PUMA = Public Use Microdata Area.Source. US Census Bureau.20 相似文献
73.
74.
Background
Humeral fracture in a non-ambulant infant younger than 1 year is suspicious for a non-accidental injury unless there is a credible accidental explanation. A previously unrecognised accidental mechanism was described in 1996 whereby a 5-month-old infant was rolled by a 3-year-old sibling from a prone to a supine position.Objective
To investigate the widely accepted view that an infant with limited mobility cannot sustain a fracture of the humerus by his or her own actions in the absence of the intervention of an external party.Materials and methods
We present seven cases of non-ambulant infants between 4 and 7 months of age in whom an isolated humeral fracture was the only injury present.Results
In each case the caregiver described the fracture occurring when the child rolled over, trapping the dependent arm, without the intervention of another party.Conclusion
There is no proof for this mechanism in the form of an independent witness or video recording. However, we propose that this mechanism is worthy of further consideration as a rare and unusual cause for the injury. Further study is required. 相似文献75.
Donald K. Milton David Wypij David Kriebel Michael D. Walters S. Katharine Hammond John S. Evans 《American journal of industrial medicine》1996,29(1):3-13
Peak expiratory flow (PEF) and workplace exposure to endotoxin, phenolic resin, and formaldehyde were measured to investigate asthma symptoms and medication use among employees in a fiberglass wool manufacturing plant. Self-recorded PEF was obtained from 37 workers, for a total of 181 days off work and 187 days at work with concurrent personal exposure monitoring. Pre- and post-shift spirometry were obtained on at least 2 days. The 8 hr time-weighted average personal exposure ranges were endotoxin, 0.4–759 ng/m3; phenolic resin, 5.7–327 μg/m3; and formaldehyde, 1.2–265 μg/m3. Amplitude percent mean peak flow was associated with years since starting regular work in the highest endotoxin exposure area, although current assignment in that area was associated with reduced amplitude—evidence for a healthy worker effect. Exposure-response was analyzed by regression of lung function change on exposure using generalized estimating equations with robust variance estimates. Endotoxin exposure above 4 ng/m3 (8 hr time-weighted average) was associated with a decline in lung function across the work shift, and with drops in lung function 16–20 hr after exposure. Phenolic resin exposure was not consistently associated with decrements, and formaldehyde was not associated with decrements in lung function. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
76.
Geri Budesheim Neuberger Katharine Vogel Smith Sharon Oetker Black Ruth Hassanein 《Arthritis \u0026amp; Rheumatology》1993,6(3):141-148
Preliminary work regarding the development and pilot study of an individualized instructionalprogram for rheumatoid arthritis clients is presented. The effect of the individualized instructional program was tested with 31 outpatients. Using analysis of covariance, the experimental group subjectsscored significantly higher on the knowledge post-test when compared to scores of control group subjects (P = 0.0045). Analysis of variance for repeated measures revealed no significant difference in performance of tasks for the control group and experimental group (P = 0.08). In a follow-up study, the effect of the self-instructional program, practice time, and contracting were explored for their effect on adherence to self-care activities. Experimentalgroups (n = 42) scored significantly better than the control group (n = 11) on the knowledge post-test (P < 0.01), performance of joint protection practices (P = 0.01), range of motion exercises (P = 0.01), and adherence to joint protection practices at home (P < 0.01). Groups did not differ on adherence to range of motion exercises at home (P = 0.83). 相似文献
77.
Ghazal Asswad Randa Alvi Sirhan Davies Katharine Jones Terry M. Hamilton David W. Brammer Caroline Lancaster Jeffrey Loh Christopher Tandon Sankalap Roland Nick 《European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology》2020,277(3):947-952
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - A multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach to cancer management is gold-standard. With an increasing disease incidence and growing research into human... 相似文献
78.
79.
Morokoff Andrew Jones Jordan Nguyen Hong Ma Chenkai Lasocki Arian Gaillard Frank Bennett Iwan Luwor Rod Stylli Stanley Paradiso Lucia Koldej Rachel Paldor Iddo Molania Ramyar Speed Terence P. Webb Andrew Infusini Guiseppe Li Jason Malpas Charles Kalincik Tomas Drummond Katharine Siegal Tali Kaye Andrew H. 《Journal of neuro-oncology》2020,148(3):401-418
Journal of Neuro-Oncology - We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes for patients with acromegaly treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Primary outcomes were... 相似文献
80.
Hei Man Fan Alice L. Mitchell Elena Bellafante Saraid McIlvride Laura I. Primicheru Mirko Giorgi Ivano Eberini Argyro Syngelaki Anita Lvgren-Sandblom Peter Jones David McCance Nithya Sukumar Nishanthi Periyathambi Yonas Weldeselassie Katharine F. Hunt Kypros H. Nicolaides David Andersson Stuart Bevan Paul T. Seed Gavin A. Bewick James E. Bowe Franca Fraternali Ponnusamy Saravanan Hanns-Ulrich Marschall Catherine Williamson 《Diabetes》2022,71(4):837
Serum progesterone sulfates were evaluated in the etiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Serum progesterone sulfates were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in four patient cohorts: 1) the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes study; 2) London-based women of mixed ancestry and 3) U.K.-based women of European ancestry with or without GDM; and 4) 11–13 weeks pregnant women with BMI ≤25 or BMI ≥35 kg/m2 with subsequent uncomplicated pregnancies or GDM. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was evaluated in response to progesterone sulfates in mouse islets and human islets. Calcium fluorescence was measured in HEK293 cells expressing transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3 (TRPM3). Computer modeling using Molecular Operating Environment generated three-dimensional structures of TRPM3. Epiallopregnanolone sulfate (PM5S) concentrations were reduced in GDM (P < 0.05), in women with higher fasting plasma glucose (P < 0.010), and in early pregnancy samples from women who subsequently developed GDM with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 (P < 0.05). In islets, 50 µmol/L PM5S increased GSIS by at least twofold (P < 0.001); isosakuranetin (TRPM3 inhibitor) abolished this effect. PM5S increased calcium influx in TRPM3-expressing HEK293 cells. Computer modeling and docking showed identical positioning of PM5S to the natural ligand in TRPM3. PM5S increases GSIS and is reduced in GDM serum. The activation of GSIS by PM5S is mediated by TRPM3 in both mouse and human islets. 相似文献