Altered GABAB receptor immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus induced by baclofen and phaclofen, not seizure activity

The present study was performed to determine whether the effects induced by GABA(B) receptor-acting drugs would be related with the alteration in GABA(B) receptor expression in the hippocampus using Mongolian gerbil, a genetic epilepsy model. The distribution patterns of both GABA(B) receptor 1A/B and GABA(B)receptor 2 immunoreactivities were similarly detected in the hippocampi of normal and seizure-prone gerbils. Following baclofen (GABA(B) receptor agonist) or phaclofen (GABA(B) receptor antagonist) treatment, GABA(B) receptor immunoreactivities were decreased or increased by dose-dependent manners, respectively. Vigabatrin (GABA transaminase inhibitor) or 3-mercaptopropionic acid (GAD inhibitor) treatment did not affect GABA(B) receptor expressions. These findings suggest that GABA(B) receptor expression in the gerbil hippocampus may be altered by baclofen or phaclofen treatment.     

A case of Klinefelter syndrome with retroperitoneal teratoma

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is often associated with various neoplasms, especially germ cell tumors. Mediastinum is the most favored site of extragonadal germ cell tumors with KS, which is somewhat different from those without KS. The retroperitoneal germ cell tumor in KS is very rare. A five-month-old boy with an abdominal mass was found to have a retroperitoneal tumor. After surgical removal, he was diagnosed to have mature cystic teratoma. Cytogenetic study of his peripheral lymphocytes revealed that his karyotype was consistent with KS. This case suggests that patients with KS might be at risk of having germ cell tumors in sites other than mediastinum. It also suggests that all cases with these tumors should be screened for the presence of karyotypic abnormalities, and it might help to assess the exact correlation between germ cell tumors and KS, and to treat them accordingly.     

A case of multiple schwannomas of the trigeminal nerves, acoustic nerves, lower cranial nerves, brachial plexuses and spinal canal: schwannomatosis or neurofibromatosis?

In most cases, while schwannoma is sporadically manifested as a single benign neoplasm, the presence of multiple schwannomas in one patient is usually indicative of neurofibromatosis 2. However, several recent reports have suggested that schwannomatosis itself may also be a distinct clinical entity. This study examines an extremely rare case of probable schwannomatosis associated with intracranial, intraspinal and peripheral involvements. A 63-year-old woman presented with a seven-year history of palpable lumps on both sides of the supraclavicular area and hearing impairment in both ears. On physical examination, no skin manifestations were evident. Facial sensory change, deafness in the left ear and decreased gag reflex were revealed by neurological examination. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple lesions of the trigeminal nerves, acoustic nerves, lower cranial nerves, spinal accessory nerve, brachial plexuses, and spinal nerves. Pathological examination of tumors from the bilateral brachial plexuses, the spinal nerve in the T8 spinal position and the neck mass revealed benign schwannomas. Following is this patient case report of multiple schwannomas presenting with no skin manifestations of neurofibromatosis.     

Two cases of lichen planus pigmentosus presenting with a linear pattern

We report two cases of lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) that developed in a unilateral linear pattern. The patients presented with unilateral linear brown macules on the extremities. Skin biopsy showed orthokeratosis, basal hydropic degeneration with scarce lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, and numerous melanophages in both patients. These patients, to the best of our knowledge, are the first cases of LPP presenting with a linear pattern. LPP should be considered in the differential diagnosis of linear hyperpigmented skin lesions.     

In Vivo Evaluation of Dendropanax morbifera Leaf Extract for Anti-Obesity and Cholesterol-Lowering Activity in Mice

Metabolic syndrome is a worldwide health problem, and obesity is closely related to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and cancer. According to WHO in 2018, the prevalence of obesity in 2016 tripled compared to 1975. D. morbifera reduces bad cholesterol and triglycerides levels in the blood and provides various antioxidant nutrients and germicidal sub-stances, as well as selenium, which helps to remove active oxygen. Moreover, D. morbifera is useful for treating cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. Therefore, we study in vivo efficacy of D. morbifera to investigate the prevention effect of obesity and cholesterol. The weight and body fat were effectively reduced by D. morbifera water (DLW) extract administration to high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice compared to those of control mice. The group treated with DLW 500 mg∙kg⁻¹∙d⁻¹ had significantly lower body weights compared to the control group. In addition, High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in the group treated with DLW 500 mg∙kg⁻¹∙d⁻¹. The effect of DLW on the serum lipid profile could be helpful to prevent obesity. DLW suppresses lipid formation in adipocytes and decreases body fat. In conclusion, DLW can be applied to develop anti-obesity functional foods and other products to reduce body fat.     

Determinants and Consequences of Adolescent Fatherhood: A Longitudinal Study in Ethiopia,India, Peru,and Vietnam

PurposeAdolescent parenthood is a major challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, the vast majority of the evidence has focused on adolescent motherhood. Little is known about adolescent fatherhood in LMICs. The aim of this study was to examine the determinants of early fatherhood and its consequences on a range of outcomes among adolescent males.MethodsThis study used three waves of longitudinal data from the multicountry Young Lives cohort study, specifically following a sample of 1,779 adolescent boys at ages 15, 19, and 22 years in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Individual fixed effects models were conducted to investigate the sociodemographic determinants of adolescent fatherhood and the consequences of adolescent fatherhood on males' education, health, psychosocial well-being, and time use outcomes.ResultsThe results indicated that lower educational attainment, absence of the adolescent's mother and father from the home, larger household size, and poverty increased the likelihood of becoming an adolescent father by age 22 years. The results revealed that becoming an adolescent father was associated with a higher likelihood of school dropout, being overweight, smoking, greater internalizing problems, and less time spent on leisure activities and more time spent on caregiving responsibilities.ConclusionsHighlighting the experiences of young men as adolescent parents in LMICs, findings underscore the importance of prevention strategies to delay early parenthood for adolescent boys and multicomponent interventions to support young fathers and their unique health, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral needs.     

Differential contribution of the factors determining long-term renal function after partial nephrectomy over time

PurposeTo define how much of renal function was determined by the preserved renal parenchymal volume and the ischemic insult during partial nephrectomy (PN) long after surgery.MethodsWe analyzed the data of 530 consecutive patients who had undergone PN. For all patients, renal function was measured preoperatively and again at 3 postoperative months, then annually using ^99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid renal scan. Perioperative variables potentially affecting the long-term ipsilateral glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and their time-varying contribution were assessed using a linear mixed model.ResultsThe mean preoperative ipsilateral GFR was 42.9 ml/min, which decreased by 27.3% at 3 months but began to recover thereafter continuing until 4 years (Δ% GFR at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years: 22.3%, 18.5%, 14.7%, 10.0%, and 9.6%, respectively). Parenchymal volume reduction and ischemic time were significantly associated with postoperative ipsilateral GFR throughout observation period unvarying with time. Diabetes and proteinuria were not significant determinants of ipsilateral function at 3 months but became significant at 5 years. In multivariate analysis regarding recovery slope, volume reduction (β = ?0.026, SE 0.006, P < 0.0001), preoperative ipsilateral GFR (β = ?0.021, SE 0.007, P = 0.0012), proteinuria (β = ?0.942, SE 0.372, P = 0.0116), and diabetes (β = ?0.396, SE 0.197, P = 0.0447) were independently significant.ConclusionIpsilateral renal function continued to improve until 5 years after PN. Parenchymal volume loss was the major determinant and its impact on long-term ipsilateral renal function remained constant while ischemic time affected early GFR reduction with its impact diminishing over time. Patient-related factors including diabetes and proteinuria gained significance over time and became independent determinants of recovery slope.     

Computed Tomography Evaluation of Forearm and Hand Muscles in Patients With Distal Radius Fracture

Introduction: Computed tomography (CT) can be used to assess bone status with measurement of Hounsfield unit (HU). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether HU of muscle might be associated with parameters of bone and muscle status. Methods: We reviewed 71 women aged over 50 yr of age who had distal radius fracture and underwent CT evaluation of affected wrist. We assessed HUs of forearm flexor muscles (flexor digitorum superficialis) and thenar muscles and bone HUs at the capitate and the ulnar head. Other parameters included femur neck and lumbar bone mineral density (BMD), upper extremity lean mass, hand grip strength, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area. We performed correlation analyses to determine associations between variables. Results: Thenar and forearm muscle HUs were significantly correlated with each other, but not with other parameters. HUs of the capitate and ulnar head were positively correlated with femur neck and lumbar BMDs and inversely correlated with age. Ulnar head HU was positively correlated hand grip strength. Conclusions: HUs of forearm and thenar muscles did not show significant correlations with bone or muscle parameters, although bone HUs correlated well with bone mineral densities. These results support the opportunistic use of CT for evaluating bone fragility. Clinical usefulness of muscle HU measurement needs further studies.