Intra‐articular fibrous band of the ankle: An uncommon cause of post‐traumatic ankle pain

A case of an intra‐articular fibrous band of the ankle is presented with emphasis on the MR imaging appearances. This entity is an important but uncommon cause of post‐traumatic ankle pain and is well recognized within the arthroscopy literature, but there is little if any documentation of this condition in the imaging literature.     

Measurement of cytochrome P450 2A6 and 2E1 gene expression in primary human bronchial epithelial cells

Bronchogenic carcinomas arise from bronchial epithelial cells (BECs). Inhalation exposure of BECs to nitrosamines in cigarette smoke is an important exogenous risk factor for malignant transformation of BECs. Thus, an important endogenous risk factor is likely to be the capacity of BECs to metabolize nitrosamines. Among the cytochrome P450 enzymes capable of metabolizing nitrosamines, CYP2A6, CYP2E1 and CYP2B6 are expressed in BECs. In this study, we used quantitative RT-PCR to evaluate expression of CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 in primary human BECs from 12 non-smokers and eight smokers. CYP2A6 was expressed in 20/20 cases and quantifiable in 18/20 cases, with a mean level of 580 mRNA/10(6) beta- actin mRNA. CYP2E1 expression was observed in 9/20 cases, but in all cases it was expressed at levels below our limit of quantification (10 mRNA/10(6) beta-actin mRNA). There was significant (P < 0.05) 20-fold inter-individual variation in expression of CYP2A6. Further, the mean level of CYP2A6 among smokers (260 mRNA/10(6) beta-actin mRNA) was significantly lower than among non-smokers (740 mRNA/10(6) beta-actin mRNA). It is hypothesized that: (i) inter-individual variation in CYP2A6 gene expression may contribute to inter-individual variation in risk for bronchogenic carcinoma; (ii) smoking may reduce the level of expression of CYP2A6 in the BECs of some individuals; and (iii) CYP2A6 is more important than CYP2E1 for metabolic activation of nitrosamines in bronchial epithelial cells.      

Foot pathology in insulin dependent diabetes

OBJECTIVES--Foot pathology is a major source of morbidity in adults with diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine if children with insulin dependent diabetes have an increased incidence of foot pathology compared with non-diabetic children. DESIGN--Questionnaire, clinical examination, and biomechanical assessment. SUBJECTS--67 diabetic children and a comparison group matched for age, sex, and social class. RESULTS--We found significantly more foot pathology in the children with diabetes (52 children) than the comparison group (28 children); with more biomechanical anomalies (58 children with diabetes, 34 comparison group); and a higher incidence of abnormal skin conditions (53 children with diabetes, 27 comparison group). Forty two children with diabetes had received foot health education compared with 27 in the comparison group, but the study revealed ignorance and misconceptions among the diabetic group, and previous contact with a podiatrist was minimal. CONCLUSIONS--The survey suggests that children with diabetes have an increased incidence of foot pathology justifying greater input of podiatric care in the hope of preventing later problems.     

Assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysm with magnetic resonance imaging

Pre-operative imaging of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is important in determining suitability for operation and operative approach. Ultrasound imaging is an excellent screening modality but is relatively poor at identifying renal arteries and the extent of iliac involvement. Computed tomography scanning with intravenous contrast and arteriography are invasive modalities that are associated with a small risk. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the potential of accurate anatomical definition without use of contrast agents and passage of an intra-arterial catheter. Eight patients who had their AAA evaluated with MRI are reported. All had renal arteries accurately defined, intraaneurysmal thrombosis was well delineated, and iliac extension was correctly identified in four cases. The initial experience has been most encouraging and the authors consider that MRI may become the investigation of choice for pre-operative AAA assessment.     

Indications for angiography in blunt thoracic trauma

The clinical charts and radiographs of 113 patients who underwent aortography for suspected blunt injury to the aorta and brachiocephalic vessels were reviewed to identify the most useful indications for angiography. Eight previously described clinical criteria and 14 previously described radiographic criteria were evaluated in each of these patients, 27 of whom had either an aortic or brachiocephalic injury. Contrary to previous reports, our data indicate that no single clinical or radiographic sign is highly specific for vascular injury. An abnormal aortic outline and mediastinal widening remain the most sensitive criteria, although these were also present in a large number of patients without vascular injury. Displaced paraspinous lines and nasogastric tubes are also useful signs.     

Anti-RH immunoglobulin therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-related immune thrombocytopenic purpura

The potential hazards of steroids in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected patients led us to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of anti-D and anti-c Ig in 17 adults with severe HIV-related immune thrombocytopenic purpura (platelet count less than 20 x 10(9)/L). The 14 Rh+ patients received 12 to 25 micrograms/kg of anti-D IgG intravenously on two consecutive days. A significant platelet rise above 50 x 10(9)/L was obtained in nine patients. Repeated boosters were performed in six cases and were effective in all cases. The 3 Rh- patients had a good response after they were given 20 mL x 2 of plasma containing potent anti-c antibodies. Therapy was well tolerated, and only one patient had significant hemolysis. These data suggest that anti-Rh IgG can be effective and safe in HIV-related thrombocytopenic purpura and that a specific interaction between the RBC antigens and the anti-Rh antibodies is required.