Effect of premature loss of deciduous canines and molars on malocclusion of the permanent dentition.

The effect of the premature loss of deciduous canines and first and second molars on malocclusion of the permanent dentition was studied in 255 schoolchildren 11 years of age or older at the most recent examination of the permanent dentition. Malocclusion was evaluated by scoring malalignment (major and minor) and measurement of crowding in the anterior teeth. Children who had a premature loss of one or more canines or molars had a higher frequency of receiving orthodontic treatment of one type or another for the permanent dentition. The likelihood of need of treatment increased with the number of prematurely lost teeth. Children who had lost one or more deciduous teeth through age 9 had a greater than threefold increase in the frequency of orthodontic treatment relative to the control. Of those who did not receive orthodontic treatment, there was no detectable relationship of the premature loss of canines with the malalignment of permanent teeth. However, there was a significant effect of the premature extraction of molars on malalignment especially major malalignment of permanent teeth. No differences were noted in their effects between the first and second deciduous molars. Crowding of the anterior teeth was directly affected by the premature loss of deciduous canines.     

Correlative study of pain perception and masticatory muscle reflexes in man.

An attempt was made to explore the possibility of using the masticatory muscle reflexes as pain indices in human subjects. It was found that the digastric reflex, so readily evoked by electrodental stimulation in experimental animals, could not be consistently elicited in man. The reflex silent period of the masseteric muscles, on the other hand, may be used as a pain index for evaluating dental analgesia, provided that analgesic interference is anticipated at points along the reflex arc.     

The relationship between oral Candida carriage and the secretor status of blood group antigens in saliva

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between oral Candida carriage and the secretor status of blood group antigens. STUDY DESIGN: Unstimulated whole saliva and oral rinse samples were obtained from 180 healthy subjects. These samples were plated on Sabouraud's dextrose agar media to determine oral Candida carriage. Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting were performed on whole saliva samples to determine the secretor status of blood group antigens. RESULTS: The oral Candida carriage rate was found to be 45.0%. The sensitivity of the concentrated rinse culture proved to be superior. Oral Candida carriage was not significantly related to the blood group or secretor status of ABH or Lewis antigens. No significant relationship was found between oral Candida carriage and salivary flow rate. However, smoking affected oral Candida carriage. CONCLUSION: Oral Candida carriage in healthy individuals is not significantly related to blood group or secretor status.     

Titanium for removable partial dentures (III): 2-year clinical follow-up in an undergraduate programme

This study examined the success of titanium (Ti) removable partial dentures (RPDs) compared with that of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) RPDs using a randomized controlled clinical trial. Thirty-eight RPD patients were provided with either Co-Cr (20 patients) or Ti (18 patients) RPDs. The total numbers of dentures was 31 (13 maxillary, 18 mandibular) for Co-Cr and 23 (11 maxillary, 12 mandibular) for Ti. Patients were reviewed for 24 months following denture issue. After the initial 12 months, 20 clinical problems were recorded and became the criteria for subsequent assessment. Incidence of failure was analysed using both Fisher's exact test and the chi square test at a significance level of P<0.05. Fracture of retainers in both metals occurred only in the first 12 months. Some failure types presented at significantly higher levels in the first 12 months but there were no significant differences between the two in all the criteria examined between the 12- and the 24-month reviews. Although differences existed in failure types between Co-Cr and Ti RPDs during the early review stages, the overall success rate of Ti RPDs was comparable with that of Co-Cr RPDs after 24 months. The higher incidence of failures in Ti RPDs prior to the 12-month review suggests the importance of taking its lower rigidity into account when designing RPDs.     

Microstructures of admixed amalgams produced from Pd-containing dispersants.

Blended Pd-containing dental amalgams were developed by substituting Pd for up to 20 w/o Ag or Cu in the Ag-Cu eutectic alloy. Melted ingots were lathe-comminuted to a particle size distribution of 1-45 microns. Alloy blends were created from two parts of a traditional amalgam and one part of experimental Ag-Cu-Pd particles. Amalgams with from 0.42 to 1.67 w/o Pd were fabricated by trituration of alloys and mercury at a Hg/alloy ratio of 1:1 with a mechanical triturator at 5000 rpm for 10 s and hand-condensed. XRD studies of these amalgams revealed the suppression of eta' (Cu6Sn5) phase with Pd addition and no gamma 2 (Sn8Hg) phase found. At 3.3 w/o Pd, the eta' (Cu6Sn5) concentration of the amalgam was below the detection limit of the instrumentation (1%). SEM micrographs revealed that reaction zones around eutectic particles decreased with increased Pd concentration.     

Dental and medical students' knowledge and opinions of infant oral health

Primary care providers' involvement with and perceptions of the epidemic of early childhood caries could be related to attitudes and knowledge of the disease as well as to differences in discipline-based recommendations. A cross-sectional survey of demographics, opinions on infant oral health care visits and importance of infant oral health care, knowledge of tooth eruption, and knowledge of health care guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) was administered by several methods to first- and fourth-year dental and medical students at two University of Illinois campuses. Some expected variations were found among dental and medical students pertaining to perceptions and knowledge of infant oral health. Higher proportions of dental students responded correctly or considered the issues very important. However, Rockford medicine students were more likely to know when children should be weaned, yet less likely to agree with recommendations for time of first dental visit. Furthermore, fourth-year dental students were less likely than first-year dental students to give the recommended answer for age of first dental visit. Variances of opinions and basic knowledge of infant oral health of dental and medical students showed inconsistencies with desired outcomes of educational and clinical experiences. Further research is needed to understand the role of experience and other factors to effectively educate primary care providers in this area.     

Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus species inhibiting the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm

Oral bacterium S11 was isolated from the saliva of young children without dental caries and with little or no visible supragingival plaque. The S11 strain showed 99.5% similarity with Lactobacillus fermentum, and was identified on the basis of biochemical characteristics and a 16S rDNA sequence. S11 strain and its culture supernatant significantly inhibited the formation of the insoluble glucan produced by Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt. S11 did not affect the multiplication of S. mutans Ingbritt, but the adherence of S. mutans Ingbritt onto cuvette walls was inhibited completely.     

Zygomaticomandibularis muscle

The aim of this study was to elucidate the precise anatomy of the zygomaticomandibularis muscle through cadaveric dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Five fresh human cadavers and 10 fixed cadavers were dissected. Nine preserved human cadavers were used for the MRI study. Four volunteers took MRIs of their head as well. Zygomaticomandibularis muscle was found in all the cadaveric specimens. It is a fan shaped muscle. The length of the muscle is 25.1 +/- 4.6 mm, and the width at the zygomatic arch is 16.6 +/- 4.2 mm. The thickness is approximately 4.8 +/- 1.9 mm. It originates from the deep layer of the deep temporal fascia approximately 1 cm above the zygomatic arch and is inserted into the superior border and outer surface of the mandible between the coronoid process and mandibular notch. The deepest layer of the masseter muscle covers the lateral surface of zygomaticomandibularis. We believe that this muscle functions as coordinator of the temporalis and masseter in mammals with strong masticatory power but is a degraded or rudimentary muscle in humans.     

Effects of surface finish on indentation modulus and hardness of dental composite restoratives.

OBJECTIVES: The depth-sensing micro-indentation testing was recently introduced for the characterization of dental composites. One of the critical issues raised was the possible influence of surface finish on material properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of surface finish on the indentation modulus and micro-hardness of resin-based dental composite materials. METHODS: The materials used included minifill (Z100, 3M ESPE), microfill (A110, 3M ESPE) and poly-acid modified (F2000, 3M ESPE) composites. The specimens were polished successively using SiC grinding papers of different grit size and diamond suspensions to achieve varying surface roughness. The arithmetic mean of the roughness (R(a)) was measured using profilometry. In the depth-sensing micro-indentation test, specimens (n=7) were indented to 10N with Vickers indenter and the load-displacement (P-h) data was obtained using a universal testing system. The indentation modulus (E(in)) and hardness (H) were then computed using the developed analytical solutions. Data was analyzed using ANOVA/post-hoc Scheffe's test at significance level 0.05. RESULTS: The polished specimens had surface roughness ranging from 0.02 to 0.81 microm. The roughness of F2000 was significantly higher than A110 and Z100. The E(in) and H for Z100 ranged from 14.02 to 14.83GPa and 1.18 to 1.27 GPa, respectively. E(in) for F2000 and A110 ranged from 12.25 to 13.82 GPa and 5.26 to 5.52 GPa and hardness ranged from 0.89 to 0.98 GPa and 0.52 to 0.55 GPa, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: The indentation modulus and hardness of dental composite restoratives were independent of the surface finish provided indenter penetration is sufficiently deep (h(max)/R(a)>30).     

Fracture resistance of compomer and composite restoratives

This study evaluated and compared the fracture toughness of compomers and composites. Three compomer (Compoglass F [CG], Vivadent; F2000 [FT], 3M-ESPE; Dyract Posterior [DP], Dentsply) and three composite (Tetric Ceram [TC], Vivadent; Z250 [ZT], 3M-ESPE; Esthet X [EX], Dentsply) restoratives were selected for the study. Single-edged notched specimens (25 x 2 x 2 mm) were fabricated according to manufacturers' instructions and conditioned in distilled water at 37 degrees C for one week prior to testing. Seven specimens were made for each material. The specimens were loaded to failure using an Instron microtester with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. Data were subjected to ANOVA/Scheffe's test and Independent Samples T-test at significance level 0.05. The mean fracture toughness (K(IC)) ranged from 0.97 to 1.23 MPam 1/2 for compomers and 1.75 to 1.92 MPam 1/2 for composites. The fracture toughness of compomers was significantly lower than their composite counterparts. No significant difference in K(IC) values was observed among the different composites. When the compomers were compared, FT had significantly higher fracture toughness than DP and CG. In view of their poorer resistance to crack propagation, compomers are not recommended for use in stress-bearing areas.