Estimating the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a clinical prediction model based on patient characteristics and medical history

Objective  To develop a clinical prediction rule that can help the clinician to identify women at high and low risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) early in pregnancy in order to improve the efficiency of GDM screening.
Design  We used data from a prospective cohort study to develop the clinical prediction rule.
Setting  The original cohort study was conducted in a university hospital in the Netherlands.
Population  Nine hundred and ninety-five consecutive pregnant women underwent screening for GDM.
Methods  Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we constructed a model to estimate the probability of development of GDM from the medical history and patient characteristics. Receiver operating characteristics analysis and calibration were used to assess the accuracy of the model.
Main outcome measure  The development of a clinical prediction rule for GDM. We also evaluated the potential of the prediction rule to improve the efficiency of GDM screening.
Results  The probability of the development of GDM could be predicted from the ethnicity, family history, history of GDM and body mass index. The model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.77 (95% CI 0.69–0.85) and calibration was good (Hosmer and Lemeshow test statistic, P  = 0.25). If an oral glucose tolerance test was performed in all women with a predicted probability of 2% or more, 43% of all women would be tested and 75% of the women with GDM would be identified.
Conclusions  The use of a clinical prediction model is an accurate method to identify women at increased risk for GDM, and could be used to select women for additional testing for GDM.     

人脐血CD34+ 细胞静脉移植对急性心肌梗死大鼠血流动力学指标和超声心动图指标的影响

目的:观察人脐带血CD34 细胞移植治疗急性心肌梗死大鼠的可行性及其对心功能的影响。方法:实验于2006-03/10在首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院完成。①选取11～13周龄雄性SD大鼠40只,随机数字表法分为假手术组10只、模型对照组15只、细胞移植组15只。脐血由北京市脐血干细胞库提供,采自无妊娠并发症、身体健康、新生儿足月分娩(37～40周)孕妇,均签署知情同意书,自愿捐献用于科学研究和临床治疗。②一次性血袋抽取孕妇脐带血80～120mL,按5∶1比例加入60g/L羟乙基淀粉,4℃420r/min离心8min;去除红细胞,留取上层含有核细胞的血浆层,4℃1180r/min离心10min,去除血浆,留取有核细胞,测CD34 含量为0.35%～0.42%。③模型对照组、细胞移植组大鼠建立急性心肌梗死模型,麻醉后切开第4、5肋间肌,暴露心脏,在动脉圆锥和左心耳间、距左心耳下1mm处(相当于左前降支近段)用Prolene线结扎。假手术组只挂线不结扎。根据左室前壁颜色变白、活动减弱和心电图ST段明显抬高作为急性心肌梗死模型成功标志。④术后3h内,细胞移植组经尾静脉注射0.5mL人脐血干细胞悬液(含干细胞2×1010L-1),模型对照组经尾静脉注射0.5mL生理盐水。饲养30d。⑤分别于术前、术后1d和术后30d进行超声心动图检测。并于术后30d进行血流动力学检测。结果:假手术组挂线过程中死亡1只,模型对照组造模及细胞移植过程死亡4只,细胞移植组造模及细胞移植过程死亡5只。①人脐血CD34 细胞移植30d后对大鼠血流动力学的影响:与假手术组比较,模型对照组左室收缩压、左室压力最大变化率均明显减小(t=2.16～5.14,P均<0.05),左室舒张末压、心率均明显增加(t=2.01～8.86,P<0.01或0.05);与模型对照组比较,细胞移植组左室收缩压、左室压力最大变化率均明显增加(t=2.72～2.35,P均<0.05),左室舒张末压明显减小(t=4.24,P<0.01),心率无明显变化(t=1.67,P>0.05)。②人脐血CD34 细胞移植前后超声心动图检查结果:与假手术组比较,术前模型对照组和细胞移植组各指标无明显变化;术后1,30d模型对照组和细胞移植组左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径、左室舒张末容积、左室收缩末容积均明显增加(t=2.14～9.98,P<0.05或0.01),左室前壁厚度、左室后壁厚度、左室射血分数、左室短轴缩短率均明显减小(t=2.52～14.23,P<0.05或0.01)。与模型对照组比较,术前和术后1d细胞移植组各指标无明显变化,但术后30d左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径、左室舒张末容积、左室收缩末容积均明显减小(t=2.07～7.04,P<0.05或0.01),左室前壁厚度、左室后壁厚度、左室射血分数、左室短轴缩短率均明显增加(t=3.22～9.85,P均<0.01)。结论:在未使用免疫抑制剂的情况下,人脐带血CD34 细胞静脉移植可明显改善急性心肌梗死大鼠各项心功能指标,未见明显不良反应。     

Ciprofloxacin overdose: acute renal failure with prominent apoptotic changes

Acute renal failure due to ciprofloxacin has been well described. The previously reported cases have been consistent both clinically and pathologically with tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN). We report a case of ciprofloxacin overdose leading to acute renal failure characterized by acute tubular necrosis (ATN). The outstanding features in the patient's renal biopsy were those of distal nephron apoptosis, best seen in plastic-embedded sections and electron microscopy. This report shows that the distal nephron can be singularly involved in acute renal failure and that electron microscopy or plastic-embedded sections may be necessary to define its involvement.     

门静脉栓塞术应用进展

肝癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在肝脏移植尚不能普及的今天,手术切除是目前治疗肝癌的最有效方法．但是术后剩余肝脏组织 (future liver remnant,FLR)过少则是造成术后肝功能衰竭等并发症的重要因素,限制了肝癌手术的进行,从而使一些患者失去了手术的机会．肝切除术前门静脉栓塞术(portal vein embolization,PVE)可以使栓塞侧肝叶萎缩和对侧肝叶增生,使术后FLR增大,功能提高,从而使不能直接手术切除的肝癌患者获得手术切除的机会,扩大了手术指征．PVE的实施通常采用超声引导下经皮经肝门静脉栓塞术,常用的栓塞材料有:纤维蛋白胶(fibrin glue)、氰基丙烯酸 碘油、明胶海绵 凝血酶,弹簧圈, 微粒(如PVA颗粒)和无水乙醇等．目前PVE主要用于原发性肝癌、转移性肝癌、肝门胆管癌和胆囊癌等需要行肝大部切除或扩大肝切除的患者以及多发肝转移瘤需行二期肝切除患者．但在患有严重门静脉高压症的患者不适合行PVE治疗．同时PVE的应用仍存在许多问题:PVE患者的选择尚无统一标准;PVE理想栓塞材料的研究;PVE与现行肝癌治疗手段如动脉栓塞术、辅助化疗等的联合应用等都需要深入的研究．严格把握适应证,PVE在肝癌的治疗中将会发挥越来越重要的作用．     

Tooth root dentin mineralization defects in a mouse model of hypophosphatasia

Tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is expressed in mineralizing tissues and functions to reduce pyrophosphate (PP_i), a potent inhibitor of mineralization. Loss of TNAP function causes hypophosphatasia (HPP), a heritable disorder marked by increased PP_i, resulting in rickets and osteomalacia. Tooth root cementum defects are well described in both HPP patients and in Alpl^?/? mice, a model for infantile HPP. In Alpl^?/? mice, dentin mineralization is specifically delayed in the root; however, reports from human HPP patients are variable and inconsistent regarding dentin defects. In the current study, we aimed to define the molecular basis for changes in dentinogenesis observed in Alpl^?/? mice. TNAP was found to be highly expressed by mature odontoblasts, and Alpl^?/? molar and incisor roots featured defective dentin mineralization, ranging from a mild delay to severely disturbed root dentinogenesis. Lack of mantle dentin mineralization was associated with disordered and dysmorphic odontoblasts having disrupted expression of marker genes osteocalcin and dentin sialophosphoprotein. The formation of, initiation of mineralization within, and rupture of matrix vesicles in Alpl^?/? dentin matrix was not affected. Osteopontin (OPN), an inhibitor of mineralization that contributes to the skeletal pathology in Alpl^?/? mice, was present in the generally unmineralized Alpl^?/? mantle dentin at ruptured mineralizing matrix vesicles, as detected by immunohistochemistry and by immunogold labeling. However, ablating the OPN‐encoding Spp1 gene in Alpl^?/? mice was insufficient to rescue the dentin mineralization defect. Administration of bioengineered mineral‐targeting human TNAP (ENB‐0040) to Alpl^?/? mice corrected defective dentin mineralization in the molar roots. These studies reveal that TNAP participates in root dentin formation and confirm that reduction of PP_i during dentinogenesis is necessary for odontoblast differentiation, dentin matrix secretion, and mineralization. Furthermore, these results elucidate developmental mechanisms underlying dentin pathology in HPP patients, and begin to explain the reported variability in the dentin/pulp complex pathology in these patients. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research     

Assessment of stereoscopic optic disc images using an autostereoscopic screen – experimental study

Background  

Stereoscopic assessment of the optic disc morphology is an important part of the care of patients with glaucoma. The aim of this study was to assess stereoviewing of stereoscopic optic disc images using an example of the new technology of autostereoscopic screens compared to the liquid shutter goggles.