不同浓度复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星牙栓的体外抑菌作用的实验研究

目的：观察5种不同浓度（10g／L、20g／L、50g／L、100g／L、200g／L）的复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星牙栓的体外抑菌作用。方法：采用Kirby—Bauer纸片扩散法测定5种不同浓度的复方牙栓对牙周主要可疑致病菌的抑菌作用。结果：不同浓度的复方牙栓对牙龈卟啉单胞菌、具核梭杆菌、中间普氏菌、消化链球菌、变形链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌均有一定的抑菌作用。7种菌株间的抑菌圈直径不同、5种不同药物浓度之间的抑菌圈直径也不同，并且菌株和药物浓度两个因素之间存在交互作用（P〈0．001）。上述7种菌株间的F值分别为：91．391、170．431、255．187、143．636、211．839、347．639、580．238（P〈0．001），具有显著性差异。结论：5种不同浓度的复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星牙栓在体外均有明显的抑菌作用，以200g／L的给药浓度的抑菌效果最强。     

Collagen fiber orientation near a fractured dental implant after a 5-year loading period: case report

PURPOSE: Fracture of an implant is one of the possible complications of dental implants. It is a quite rare event but of high clinical relevance. Nevertheless, it represents an important opportunity for evaluating the peri-implant bone-tissue response to implant overloading in human beings. The aim of the present study was a scanning electron microscopy evaluation of a screw-shaped implant retrieved because of fracture and a birefringence analysis of the tissue near the fractured implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There was 1 fractured screw-shaped implant retrieved from a patient with a trephine bur, and it was processed for histology. The specimen was analyzed under both scanning electron microscopy and circularly polarized light microscopy. RESULTS: The scanning electron microscopy fractography analysis showed the typical signs of a fatigue-fracture, with large plastic deformations on the implant. The fracture seemed to start from the internal coil of the implant. Under circularly polarized light microscopy investigation, a bone-implant contact percentage of 81.6% +/- 1.5% (mean +/- standard deviation) was found. The amount of the transverse collagen fibers was of 68.3%, and the amount of the longitudinal collagen fibers was of 31.7%. The difference was statistically significant for z = 2.247 (P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: The fracture of the implant was most probably correlated to a fatigue of the material mainly associated to a lesion of the internal coil. The high level of bone-implant contact percentage was correlated to a predominant transverse collagen fiber orientation of the collagen fibers in the peri-implant bone.     

Comparison of interfaces between a NiCr alloy and various dental ceramics using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 3-point bending test

Several methods (e.g. tensile strength, shear bond strength) have been used in testing metal-ceramic bonds. However, in the interface, structural and analytical investigations can be applied in determining the chemical and phase structure of substances making up the bond. The aim of the present study is to assess the interface between Wiron 99 (Bego) alloy and Vision (Wohlwend) VITA VMK68 (Vita), Carat (Dentsply/DeTrey) ceramic using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 3-point bending test. In the case of NiCr alloys, morphologically similar but structurally varying phases developed in all of the ceramics. In each case, a Cr2O3 layer consisting of small crystals (10-20 nm) was noticed with a series of underlying bubble-like amorphous inclusions. The exact three dimensional (3D) location of these structures and their relation to the glass-phase of the ceramic, as well as its role in the nanomechanical anchoring of the ceramic are still to be clarified. The values of debonding stress were 41.67 +/- 5.01 MPa, 52.89 +/- 8.06 MPa and 56.58 +/- 10.21 MPa for Carat, VITA VMK68 ceramic and Vision, respectively. These parameters do not present significant difference at p > or = 0.05 among the three types of ceramics. Based on our measurements it is highly likely that the micromorphology of interface is basically determined by the composition of the alloy while in the chemical composition of the newly developed phases the ceramic and the parameters of firing (temperature, magnitude of vacuum and firing time) play an important role. Values of cracking and morphological resemblance suggest that the superficial micromorphological and nanomorphological structures, acting as mechanical anchoring elements, play an important role in fixing the ceramic.     

Heat shock protein of Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma orale strains isolated from HIV-seropositive patients

It has been suggested that infection by some mycoplasma species can act as possible cofactors in the acceleration of immunodeficiency in HIV-infected patients. The present study was designed to examine infections by oral mycoplasma species in HIV-seropositive (HIV(+)) patients. Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma orale were isolated from 59.5% and 16.7% of 42 HIV(+) patients, respectively. Non-M. salivarium and non-M. orale species were isolated from 40.5% of saliva samples from the HIV(+) group and 20.8% of those from 24 HIV-seronegative (HIV(-)) subjects, respectively. Although the production of superantigen by human peripheral lymphocytes in the isolated mycoplasma species from HIV(+) and HIV(-) subjects was evaluated, none of the examined mycoplasma strains, including ATCC strains of M. salivarium, M. orale, Mycoplasma buccae and Mycoplasma penetrans, were found to produce superantigen. Production of heat shock proteins (HSPs) by isolated mycoplasma strains was examined by immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies against Helicobacter pylori HSP60. It was found that all the strains of M. salivarium, M. orale, and unidentified mycoplasma species isolated from HIV(+) and HIV(-) groups produced heat shock proteins. HSP production by oral mycoplasma may play a role in the immunomodulation of HIV(+) patients.     

Unusual vascular hamartoma of the hard palate. A case report

Hamartomas are tumour-like malformations usually present since birth or which may develop during puberty. Hamartomas are related to anatomical development errors. Hamartomas are rarely found in the head and neck district. The case of an unusual vascular hamartoma localised in the hard palate of a 50-year-old female with no significant medical or family history is reported. Surgical treatment was performed by means of an excisional biopsy.     

Short-term anti-plaque effect of two chlorhexidine varnishes

BACKGROUND: Chlorhexidine (CHX) varnishes have been mainly used for the prevention of caries in high-risk populations. Reports regarding their anti-plaque effect on a clinical level are limited to non-existing as opposed to their microbiological impact on plaque formation. AIM: The aim of this preliminary investigation was to evaluate the anti-plaque effect of two CHX varnishes applied on sound enamel in relation to a positive control, a negative control and to one another. METHODS: Sixteen healthy subjects volunteered for this randomized-controlled, single-blind, four-treatment-four-period crossover-designed clinical trial. A 3-day plaque re-growth model was used to determine de novo plaque accumulation following CHX rinsing, Cervitec application, EC40 application and no therapy. The amount of plaque was measured using the Quigley and Hein plaque index and "automatic image analysis" (AIA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Varnish treatment resulted in significantly higher plaque levels than CHX rinsing irrespective of the varnish that was used (p< or =0.002), implying that the latter is likely to remain the gold standard as an anti-plaque agent. However, highly significant differences were also found in favour of both varnish systems when compared with no therapy (p<0.001), which indicates that varnish treatment is an effective means of inhibiting plaque formation in a short time span. Cervitec exhibited slightly, yet significantly, higher plaque levels in comparison with EC40 as determined by AIA (p=0.006). Large-scale trials with a longer observation period are necessary to substantiate these results.     

Effect of evaporation of primer components on ultimate tensile strengths of primer-adhesive mixture.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of evaporation of primer components on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of primer-adhesive mixtures. METHODS: The UTSs of 1:3 by weight primer-adhesive mixtures and of the pure adhesives (controls) were measured after 0-, 2-, 5-min and 24-h storage in a 37 degrees C oven for the three-step etch&rinse adhesive OptiBond FL (Kerr) and the two-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE (Kuraray). RESULTS: Evaporation of primer components increased with time for both adhesives investigated. OptiBond FL showed a higher evaporation of primer components than Clearfil SE at the 2-, 5-min and 24-h storage time. As compared to the pure adhesive, the UTS of the primer-adhesive mixture was lower after 0- and 2-min storage for OptiBond FL and after 0-, 2- and 5-min storage for Clearfil SE. The UTS of OptiBond FL was higher than that of Clearfil SE at the 0- and 2-min storage time, though there was no difference at the 5-min and 24-h storage time. SIGNIFICANCE: The degree of evaporation of primer components depended largely on the primer solvents employed. The significant decrease in UTS of adhesive resin when mixed with primer must be attributed to incomplete evaporation of primer components. Complete evaporation of solvents is hard to achieve, even by thorough air drying.     

Effect of the sodium hypochlorite and citric acid association on smear layer removal of primary molars

This study aimed to assess the capacity of a sodium hypochlorite and citric acid (CA) association (the latter at different concentrations) in removing coronal smear layer (SL) of primary teeth. For this purpose, the pulp chamber roof and floor of 28 primary molars were removed to obtain enamel and dentine disks. SL was produced on the internal walls of the disks using high-speed drills. The disks were irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite and citric acid at different concentrations (CA-4%, CA-6%, CA-8% and CA-10%), and with 0.9% sodium chloride. The samples were split and observed under SEM. Scores were attributed to the obtained photomicrographs, according to the amount of SL present. It was noted that all the tested concentrations of citric acid used after the sodium hypochlorite were capable of removing SL. The results were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, and there was no significant statistical difference among the scores of the groups tested. However, it was observed that CA-8% and CA-10% caused peritubular dentine destruction, and that CA-4% presented a larger number of samples with dense SL. Based on these results, 6.0% citric acid in association with 1% sodium hypochlorite is suggested as auxiliary chemical substances for primary teeth irrigation.     

Revascularization of autogenous block grafts with or without an e-PTFE membrane

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the revascularization process of autogenous bone block grafts placed with or without an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty Wistar male rats had their mandibles augmented by either an autogenous bone block graft (group A) or an autogenous bone block graft covered with an e-PTFE membrane (group B). The animals were sacrificed by perfusion at baseline, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery. RESULTS: After 3 days, the presence of vascular sprouts derived from the recipient bed was observed in group A; more discrete sprouts were also observed in group B. After 7 days, revascularization continued, with vessels derived from both the recipient bed and the surrounding connective tissue in group A but only from the recipient bed in group B. At 14 days, group A showed penetration of vessels at the periphery of the graft; the vessels reached varying distances inside it. In group B, revascularization of the graft occurred mainly near its perforation, its borders, and at the recipient bed-graft interface. After 21 days, graft vascular penetration could be observed throughout the extent of the graft in group A but only approximately halfway through the graft in group B. DISCUSSION: The results emphasized the importance of the vascular network and of the revascularization process of the autogenous bone graft in new bone formation. Early vascular penetration and nutrition of the graft are key factors in its integration with the recipient bed. CONCLUSIONS: Revascularization of the bone graft occurred in both A and B. However, vascular sprouts originated only from the recipient bed in group A, while in group B the graft was penetrated by vessels from both the recipient bed and the surrounding connective tissue. The revascularization took place more promptly and was more intense and extensive in group A than in group B for all periods.