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This paper is a concurrent scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of 13 cases of nodular goitre. 相似文献
103.
Das Erinnern an ein Leben, dessen Großteil im Dienste der auf der Medaille abgebildeten Göttin Hygieia gestanden ist, bietet die Gelegenheit, sich zu fragen, warum diese medizinische Disziplin gerade diesen Namen trägt. Dazu müssen wir uns in die oberste Etage des griechischen Götterhimmels bewegen:Der schöne, aber gewalttätige Apollon, der Sohn des Zeus und Großvater der Hygieia, schleuderte seine Tod und Verderben bringende Pfeile, war aber daneben auch für die Heilung und die dafür oft nötigen Orakel zuständig. Letzteres, also die medizinische Funktion, ging später auf seinen per sectionem geborenen Sohn Asklepios (Äskulap) über. Dieser wiederum begnügte sich nicht damit, kranke Menschen zu heilen, sondern erweckte auch Tote zum Leben, was ein Vergehen gegenüber Hades, dem Herrn der Unterwelt darstellte. Zur Strafe tötete ihn Großvater Zeus mit Hilfe eines Blitzes. Zu unserem Glück hatte Asklepios aber zuvor Epigone („die Lindernde“) geheiratet und 12 Kinder gezeugt. In der hygienischen Gruppe von 4 Kindern finden wir Hygieia, unter den 8 Kindern der therapeutischen Gruppe sticht Panakeia (die Allheilende) heraus. Hygieia blieb übrigens, offenbar wegen zu geringer Nachfrage, ihr Leben lang Jungfrau. Gegen diesen Mangel an Nachwuchs kämpfen Hygieniker bis heute an. Im Hippokratischen Eid werden Apollon, Asklepios, Hygieia und Panakeia als Zeugen für den Ernst des Schwurs angerufen. Großvater Apollon, Vater Asklepios sowie Tochter /Enkelin Hygieia symbolisieren die heutige Medizin:
- Die apollonische, aggressive Medizin missachtet und missbraucht Menschen, in der Gegenwart sucht sie nach biologischen, chemischen oder atomaren Waffen, um die Menschheit zu bekämpfen.
- Die asklepiadische Medizin, die Heil-Kunde im engsten Sinn, konzentriert sich auf Heilung oder zumindest Linderung der Beschwerden des Menschen. Sie ist auf den Einzelnen konzentriert, dessen Interessen gewahrt werden müssen.
- Die hygienische Medizin arbeitet dagegen für die Zukunft: Der hygienisch Tätige wartet nicht, bis der Kranke auf ihn zukommt. Er muss dem vielmehr zuvor kommen, indem er nach bester Möglichkeit verhindert, dass Menschen krank werden. Wohl wird der Vertreter der Hygiene auch manchmal mit dem einzelnen Menschen zu tun haben, im Allgemeinen muss er aber das Wohl der Masse vor Augen haben.
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Linezolid Surveillance Results for the United States (LEADER Surveillance Program 2014) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert K. Flamm Rodrigo E. Mendes Patricia A. Hogan Jennifer M. Streit James E. Ross Ronald N. Jones 《Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy》2016,60(4):2273-2280
The linezolid experience and accurate determination of resistance (LEADER) surveillance program has monitored linezolid activity, spectrum, and resistance since 2004. In 2014, a total of 6,865 Gram-positive pathogens from 60 medical centers from 36 states were submitted. The organism groups evaluated were Staphylococcus aureus (3,106), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; 797), enterococci (855), Streptococcus pneumoniae (874), viridans group streptococci (359), and beta-hemolytic streptococci (874). Susceptibility testing was performed by reference broth microdilution at the monitoring laboratory. Linezolid-resistant isolates were confirmed by repeat testing. PCR and sequencing were performed to detect mutations in 23S rRNA, L3, L4, and L22 proteins and acquired genes (cfr and optrA). The MIC50/90 for Staphylococcus aureus was 1/1 μg/ml, with 47.2% of isolates being methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Linezolid was active against all Streptococcus pneumoniae strains and beta-hemolytic streptococci with a MIC50/90 of 1/1 μg/ml and against viridans group streptococci with a MIC50/90 of 0.5/1 μg/ml. Among the linezolid-nonsusceptible MRSA strains, one strain harbored cfr only (MIC, 4 μg/ml), one harbored G2576T (MIC, 8 μg/ml), and one contained cfr and G2576T with L3 changes (MIC, ≥8 μg/ml). Among CoNS, 0.75% (six isolates) of all strains demonstrated linezolid MIC results of ≥4 μg/ml. Five of these were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, four of which contained cfr in addition to the presence of mutations in the ribosomal proteins L3 and L4, alone or in combination with 23S rRNA (G2576T) mutations. Six enterococci (0.7%) were linezolid nonsusceptible (≥4 μg/ml; five with G2576T mutations, including one with an additional cfr gene, and one strain with optrA only). Linezolid demonstrated excellent activity and a sustained susceptibility rate of 99.78% overall. 相似文献
105.
Expression of phosphorylcholine-specific B cells during murine development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
NH Sigal AR Pickard ES Metcalf PJ Gearhart NR Klinman 《The Journal of experimental medicine》1977,146(4):933-948
The TEPC 15 (T15) clonotype, a putatively germline antibody specificity, does not appear in the neonatal B-cell repertoire until approximately 1 wk of age. This report extends this observation by the demonstration that (a) the T15 clonotype follows similar kinetics of appearance in germfree as well as conventionally-reared mice; (b) maternal influences and genetic background play a minor role in the development of the T15 clonotype since CBFI neonates raised by C57BL/6 or BALB/c mothers acquire the T15 clonotype at the same time in ontogeny as BALB/c neonates; (c) the lack of phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific B cells shortly after birth is reflected in a dearth of PC-binding cells in the neonate as well; and (d) no PC-specifc B cells are found in 19-day fetal liver or in bone marrow until 7 days of life, coincident with their appearance in the spleen. These findings, along with a previous report that PC-specific splenic B cells are tolerizable as late as day 10 after birth, confirm the invariant, late occurrence of the T15 clonotype and support a highly- ordered, rigorously predetermined mechanism for the acquisition of the B- cell repertoire. The results are discussed in light of other studies on the ontogeny of B-cell specificity, and in terms of the implications on the mechanism by which antibody diversity is generated. 相似文献
106.
A Gasbarrini De Luca A G Fiore F Franceschi V Ojetti ES Torre Di Campli C M Candelli R Pola M Serricchio P Tondi G Gasbarrini P Pola M Giacovazzo 《The International journal of angiology》1998,7(4):310-312
H. pylori infection has recently been associated with various vascular disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate its role in primary headache, a pathology strictly associated with vascular alterations. A total of 200 subjects affected by primary headache were evaluated. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by the 13C urea breath test. Headache was classified in tension-type headache, cluster headache, and migraine with or without aura. Prevalence of H. pylori infection and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were evaluated. H. pylori infection was found in 40% of the patients; prevalence of migraine without aura was found to be significantly greater in infected patients. The positive group showed no significant differences in the prevalence of the GI symptoms evaluated. In 30 infected patients, it was assessed whether the eradication of the bacterium was able to reduce frequency, intensity, and duration of clinical attacks of headache. After eradication, clinical attacks of headache completely disappeared in 17% of patients. Moreover, intensity, duration, and frequency of headache attacks were reduced in 69% of the remaining subjects. In conclusion, H. pylori infection is common in primary headache; bacterium eradication appears to be related to a significant reduction in clinical attacks of the disease. 相似文献
107.
Activation of the CPP32 protease in apoptosis induced by 1-beta-D- arabinofuranosylcytosine and other DNA-damaging agents 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The response of human myeloid leukemia cells to treatment with 1-beta- arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) includes the induction of apoptosis. Ara-C induced apoptosis is associated with proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and protein kinase C (PKC) delta. However, the signals involved in this response are unknown. The present studies show that ara-C treatment of U-937 cells is associated with induction of a protease activity that cleaves the tetrapeptides Ac-DEVD- pNA and Ac-DMOD-pNA found at the cleavage sites of PARP and PKC delta, respectively. The ara-C-induced protease activity was sensitive to overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL and the baculovirus protein p35. By contrast, overexpression of the cowpox virus protein CrmA blocked apoptosis induced by engagement of the Fas receptor but not that induced by ara-C. CrmA overexpression also had no detectable effect on ara-C-induced cleavage of PKC delta. The results further show that ara-C induces activation of the CPP32 protease by a CrmA- insensitive and p35-sensitive mechanism. Similar results were obtained with cisplatinum, etoposide, and camptothecin. These findings indicate that ara-C and other DNA-damaging agents activate a CrmA-insensitive apoptotic pathway involving CPP32 and that these signals differ from those associated with apoptosis induced by the Fas receptor. 相似文献
108.
Private health insurance plays a key role in financing dental care in Australia. Having private dental insurance has been associated with higher levels of access to dental care, visiting for a check‐up and receiving a favourable pattern of services. Associations with better oral health have also been reported. In the absence of any existing review, this paper aims to systematically review the relationship between dental insurance and dental service use and/or oral health outcomes in Australia. A systematic search of online databases and subsequent sifting resulted in 36 publications, 33 of which were cross sectional and three cohort analyses. Dental service outcomes were more commonly reported than oral health outcomes. There was considerable heterogeneity in the outcome measures reported, for both service use and health outcomes. Overall, the majority of the evidence was from cross sectional studies and few studies reported analyses adjusted for confounding factors. The consolidated evidence points towards a positive association between dental insurance and dental visiting. Dentally insured adults are likely to have more regular access to dental care and have a more favourable pattern of service use than the uninsured. However, evidence of associations between dental insurance and oral health are mixed. 相似文献
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