全文获取类型
收费全文 | 580篇 |
免费 | 25篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 2篇 |
儿科学 | 42篇 |
妇产科学 | 13篇 |
基础医学 | 53篇 |
口腔科学 | 35篇 |
临床医学 | 48篇 |
内科学 | 128篇 |
皮肤病学 | 15篇 |
神经病学 | 21篇 |
特种医学 | 153篇 |
外科学 | 28篇 |
综合类 | 12篇 |
预防医学 | 20篇 |
眼科学 | 3篇 |
药学 | 19篇 |
中国医学 | 1篇 |
肿瘤学 | 18篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 1篇 |
2021年 | 9篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2019年 | 5篇 |
2018年 | 5篇 |
2017年 | 4篇 |
2016年 | 2篇 |
2015年 | 9篇 |
2014年 | 18篇 |
2013年 | 15篇 |
2012年 | 7篇 |
2011年 | 9篇 |
2010年 | 26篇 |
2009年 | 32篇 |
2008年 | 23篇 |
2007年 | 15篇 |
2006年 | 11篇 |
2005年 | 10篇 |
2004年 | 9篇 |
2003年 | 11篇 |
2002年 | 2篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 12篇 |
1998年 | 26篇 |
1997年 | 37篇 |
1996年 | 46篇 |
1995年 | 29篇 |
1994年 | 25篇 |
1993年 | 35篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 22篇 |
1986年 | 21篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 7篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有611条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
JW Mosley ; W Huang ; DO Stram ; MJ Nowicki ; FB Hollinger ; RD Aach ; CE Stevens ; LH Barbosa ; GJ Nemo 《Transfusion》1996,36(9):776-781
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis virus(es) that are neither hepatitis B (HBV) nor hepatitis C (HCV) (non-B, non-C [NBNC]) may be transmitted by transfusion. The present study assessed donor values for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti- HBc) for their association with HCV and NBNC hepatitis outcomes among allogeneic blood recipients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data on blood donors and recipients enrolled in the Transfusion- Transmitted Viruses Study in four United States cities from 1974 through 1980 were supplemented by anti-HBc testing of donors and anti-HCV evaluation of recipients. Two statistical approaches estimated the value of these indirect tests in detecting donors associated with HCV seroconversion and NBNC hepatitis in recipients. RESULTS: For HCV cases, donor ALT alone (at > or = 60 IU/L) had a sensitivity and a specificity of 30 and 96 percent, respectively, and anti-HBc alone (at > or = 60% inhibition) had a sensitivity and specificity of 53 and 86 percent, respectively. The two markers combined had a sensitivity and a specificity of 69 and 83 percent. For NBNC hepatitis cases, each measure had low sensitivity (20%) that was not improved by using both (28%) [corrected]. CONCLUSION: The indirect tests proved to be equal in sensitivity to the first-generation anti-HCV tests. The positive predictive power of these indirect tests in the 1980s was sufficient to affect HCV incidence in studies during that period. Improved anti-HCV assays, however, replaced the need for indirect tests. The sensitivity of indirect tests for NBNC hepatitis contributed little. 相似文献
42.
YUSUKE CHIKATA MS CE HIDEAKI IMANAKA MD PHD YOSHIAKI ONISHI CE † MASAHIKO UETA CE † MASAJI NISHIMURA MD PHD 《Paediatric anaesthesia》2009,19(8):779-783
Background: High-frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV) is an accepted ventilatory mode for acute respiratory failure in neonates. As conventional mechanical ventilation, inspiratory gas humidification is essential. However, humidification during HFOV has not been clarified. In this bench study, we evaluated humidification during HFOV in the open circumstance of ICU. Our hypothesis is that humidification during HFOV is affected by circuit design and ventilatory settings.
Methods/Materials: We connected a ventilator with HFOV mode to a neonatal lung model that was placed in an infant incubator set at 37°C. We set a heated humidifier (Fisher & Paykel) to obtain 37°C at the chamber outlet and 40°C at the distal temperature probe. We measured absolute humidity and temperature at the Y-piece using a rapid-response hygrometer. We evaluated two types of ventilator circuit: a circuit with inner heating wire and another with embedded heating element. In addition, we evaluated three lengths of the inspiratory limb, three stroke volumes, three frequencies, and three mean airway pressures.
Results: The circuit with embedded heating element provided significantly higher absolute humidity and temperature than one with inner heating wire. As an extended tube lacking a heating wire was shorter, absolute humidity and temperature became higher. In the circuit with inner heating wire, absolute humidity and temperature increased as stroke volume increased.
Conclusion: Humidification during HFOV is affected by circuit design and ventilatory settings. 相似文献
Methods/Materials: We connected a ventilator with HFOV mode to a neonatal lung model that was placed in an infant incubator set at 37°C. We set a heated humidifier (Fisher & Paykel) to obtain 37°C at the chamber outlet and 40°C at the distal temperature probe. We measured absolute humidity and temperature at the Y-piece using a rapid-response hygrometer. We evaluated two types of ventilator circuit: a circuit with inner heating wire and another with embedded heating element. In addition, we evaluated three lengths of the inspiratory limb, three stroke volumes, three frequencies, and three mean airway pressures.
Results: The circuit with embedded heating element provided significantly higher absolute humidity and temperature than one with inner heating wire. As an extended tube lacking a heating wire was shorter, absolute humidity and temperature became higher. In the circuit with inner heating wire, absolute humidity and temperature increased as stroke volume increased.
Conclusion: Humidification during HFOV is affected by circuit design and ventilatory settings. 相似文献
43.
髋关节骨性关节炎是一种慢性进行性骨关节病,也是骨科常见疾患,多见于老年人,发病率随年龄增大而增高;是以慢性进行性软骨变性和软骨下及关节周围新骨形成为主要特点的退行性疾病。随着人口老龄化,越来越多的人患有髋关节骨性关节炎。 相似文献
44.
Confounding and interaction effect of Treponema denticola salivary carriage in chronic periodontitis
MC Martínez‐Pabón A Martínez‐Gaviria DM Isaza‐Guzmán CE Muskus‐López SI Tobón‐Arroyave 《Oral diseases》2010,16(3):278-285
Oral Diseases (2010) 16 , 278–285 Aim: To evaluate the salivary carriage of Treponema denticola and its association with demographic variables in the etiopathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. Subjects and methods: Ninety‐seven chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and a control group of 51 healthy subjects (HC) were selected. Periodontal status was assessed by criteria based on probing depth, attachment loss, extent, and severity of periodontal breakdown. A polymerase chain reaction method was used to determine the occurrence of T. denticola in saliva samples. Risk indicators for CP were assessed individually and adjusted for confounding and/or interaction using a logistic regression model. Results: Although univariate analysis revealed a positive association of age ≥30 years, smoking, and salivary carriage of T. denticola with CP, after logistic regression analysis, the association between age ≥30 years/smoking and CP persisted, whereas salivary carriage of T. denticola failed to achieve statistical significance. An interaction effect was significantly detected between these three variables. Conclusion: Although salivary carriage of T. denticola may be a risk indicator for CP, its pathogenicity should not be exclusively endorsed to its detection in saliva, but it might be associated with the synergistic biological interaction of the bacterium with some demographic characteristics of the susceptible host. 相似文献
45.
I Sayers J Hawley CE Stewart CK Billington A Henry JR Leighton-Davies SJ Charlton IP Hall 《British journal of pharmacology》2009,158(1):277-286
Background and purpose:
Indacaterol is a novel β2-adrenoceptor agonist in development for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative pharmacology of indacaterol in recombinant cells expressing the common polymorphic variants of the human β2-adrenoceptor and in human primary airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells.Experimental approach:
Chinese hamster ovarian-K1 cell lines expressing high and low levels of the common human β2-adrenoceptor variants were generated [Gly16-Glu27-Val34-Thr164(GEVT), RQVT, GQVT] and also the rare GQVI variant. Human primary ASM cells were isolated from explants of trachealis muscle. Adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic-monophosphate production was used as an outcome measure.Key results:
In both the low- and high-expression recombinant GEVT ‘wild type’ cell lines indacaterol is a high-efficacy agonist. Salmeterol and formoterol were identified as low- and high-efficacy agonists, respectively, and showed similar potencies to indacaterol irrespective of the β2-adrenoceptor genotype. The I164 variant cell line was associated with a reduced capacity to generate adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic-monophosphate in response to β2-adrenoceptor agonist. In the human primary ASM cells indacaterol gave a maximal response intermediate between that of salmeterol and formoterol.Conclusions and implications:
These data demonstrate that indacaterol is a high-efficacy agonist in recombinant cell systems but acts with lower efficacy in human primary ASM cells. No marked genotype-dependent effects were observed for common variants; however, changes in I164 receptor activity were identified, which were dependent on the level of expression of β2-adrenoceptors. 相似文献46.
CE Vitor CP Figueiredo DB Hara AF Bento TL Mazzuco JB Calixto 《British journal of pharmacology》2009,157(6):1034-1044
Background and purpose:
α- and β-amyrin are pentacyclic triterpenes found in plants and are known to exhibit pronounced anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we evaluated the effects of a 1:1 mixture of α- and β-amyrin (α,β-amyrin) on an experimental model of colitis in mice.Experimental approach:
Colitis was induced in Swiss male mice by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) and followed up to 72 h; animals were treated systemically with α,β-amyrin, dexamethasone or vehicle. Macro- and microscopic damage, myeloperoxidase activity and cytokine levels were assessed in colons. Histological sections were immunostained for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular endothelial growth factor, phospho-p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and phospho-cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB)Key results:
TNBS-induced colitis was associated with tissue damage, neutrophil infiltration and time-dependent increase of inflammatory mediators. Treatment with α,β-amyrin (3 mg·kg−1, i.p.) or dexamethasone (1 mg·kg−1, s.c.) consistently improved tissue damage scores and abolished polymorphonuclear cell infiltration. α,β-Amyrin, like dexamethasone, significantly diminished interleukin (IL)-1β levels and partially restored IL-10 levels in colon tissues 72 h after colitis induction, but only α,β-amyrin reduced vascular endothelial growth factor expression by immunohistochemistry. The colonic expression of COX-2 at 24 h and that of phospho-NF-κB and phospho-CREB (peaking at 6 h) after colitis induction were consistently inhibited by both α,β-amyrin and dexamethasone.Conclusions and implications:
Systemic administration of α,β-amyrin exerted a marked and rapid inhibition of TNBS-induced colitis, related to the local suppression of inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 levels, possibly via inhibition of NF-κB and CREB-signalling pathways. Taken together, our data suggest a potential use of α,β-amyrin to control inflammatory responses in bowel disease. 相似文献47.
48.
In a previous study we have shown that monoclonal antibody F1 (MoAb F1), directed against an epitope on the heavy chain of factor XII distinct from the binding site for anionic surfaces, is able to activate factor XII in plasma (Nuijens JH, et al: J Biol Chem 264; 12941, 1989). Here, we studied in detail the mechanism underlying the activation of factor XII by MoAb F1 using purified proteins. Formation of factor XIIa was assessed by measuring its amidolytic activity towards the chromogenic substrate H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA (S-2302) in the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor and by assessing cleavage on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Upon incubation with MoAb F1 alone, factor XII was auto-activated in a time-dependent fashion, activation being maximal after 30 hours. Factor XII incubated in the absence of MoAb F1 was hardly activated by kallikrein, whereas in the presence of MoAb F1, but not in that of a control MoAb, the rate of factor XII activation by kallikrein was promoted at least 60-fold. Maximal activation of factor XII with kallikrein in the presence of MoAb F1 was reached within 1 hour. This effect of kallikrein on the cleavage of factor XII bound to MoAb F1 was specific because the fibrinolytic enzymes plasmin, urokinase, and tissue-type plasminogen activator could not substitute for kallikrein. Also, trypsin could easily activate factor XII, but in contrast to kallikrein, this activation was independent of MoAb F1. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the appearance of amidolytic activity correlated well with cleavage of factor XII. MoAb F1-induced activation of factor XII in this purified system was not dependent on the presence of high- molecular-weight kininogen (HK), in contrast to the activation of the contact system in plasma by MoAb F1. Experiments with deletion mutants revealed that the epitopic region for MoAb F1 on factor XII is located on the kringle domain. Thus, this study shows that binding of ligands to the kringle domain, which does not contribute to the proposed binding site for negatively charged surfaces, may induce activation of factor XII. Therefore, these findings point to the existence of multiple mechanisms of activation of factor XII. 相似文献
49.
50.