有机化学中的学习障碍及教学策略

通过对学生在有机化学学习过程中的障碍分析，实施相应的教学策略，以提高有机化学的教学质量和学生的学习水平。     

粘附分子CD_(44)剪接变异体在宫颈癌中的表达及其意义

目的：探讨细胞表面粘附分子CD44的表达在宫颈癌浸润和转移中的作用。方法：应用敏感的RT-PCR法检测62例行广泛根治术的宫颈癌组织及痛分组织CD44剪接变异体的表达情况，结合相应的临床病理资料探讨其与宫颈癌侵袭转移的关系。结果：62例宫颈癌CD44VmRNA总阳性率为90.3％，其中有淋巴结转移的宫颈癌CD44表达率显著高于无淋巴结转移者（P＜0.05），并且癌旁组织表达高于癌组织本身的占54.8％结论：CD44剪接变异体可能赋予宫颈癌更强的侵袭转移潜能，并且痛分组织CD44VmRNA的表达可能较单纯癌组织的表达更有意义。     

Performing Testicular or Epididymal Sperm Retrieval Prior to the Injection of hCG

Purpose: Our purpose was to determine the feasibility and efficacy of performing testicular or epididymal sperm retrieval prior to the injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Methods: This report deals with 87 sperm-positive percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA), percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration (PTSA), or testicular sperm extraction (TESE) cycles. All sperm retrieval procedures were performed prior to administration of hCG to the women. Retrieved spermatozoa were cultured in vitro in simple medium for approximately 40 hr prior to intracyto-plasmic sperm injection. Results: In all but one cycle in which TESE was performed for nonobstructive azoospermia, motile sperm were available for ICSI. The overall fertilization rate was 53%. Pregnancy rate per transfer and implantation rate per embryo were 41.2 and 15.7%, respectively. Conclusions: Satisfactory fertilization and pregnancy rates can be achieved when PESA, PTSA, or TESE is performed prior to the injection of hCG followed by in vitro culture of spermatozoa approximately 40 hr before ICSI. Scheduling of testicular or epididymal sperm retrieval cases in this way appears to ease the workload on laboratory and operating room personnel. Furthermore, withholding hCG when sperm is absent may obviate the unnecessary risk of ovarian hyperstimulation when spermatozoa cannot be retrieved.     

芪丹煎对动脉粥样硬化家兔载脂蛋白的影响

目的观察益气活血中药复方芪丹煎对实验性动脉粥样硬化(AS)家兔的影响,探讨该方防治AS导致心肌缺血的机制。方法采用酶法测定血清三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、载脂蛋白AI(ApoAI)和载脂蛋白B(ApoB),电镜观察胸主动脉的病理改变。结果与模型组比较,芪丹煎可以明显降低血清TG(P<0.05)、TC和ApoB(P<0.01)水平,增加ApoAI含量(P<0.01)。结论降低血脂、调节载脂蛋白含量可能是芪丹煎抑制AS的机制。     

艾迪注射液配合放射治疗鼻咽癌的临床观察

目的比较艾迪注射液加放疗与单纯放疗对鼻咽癌的疗效、毒副反应及免疫功能的影响.方法将71例鼻咽癌患者随机分为两组.治疗组（A组）放疗同时加用艾迪注射液50～80ml静脉滴入,1次/d,连用30d.对照组（B组）单用放疗.结果 A组有效率为83.3%,B组为80%,差异无统计学意义,P〉0.05.A组白细胞减少、贫血、口腔溃疡发生率明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义,P〈0.05.A组治疗后NK细胞活性、CD4/CD8比值明显升高,P〈0.01.A组治疗后的生存质量评分高于B组,P〈0.05.结论艾迪注射液配合放射治疗鼻咽癌,可减轻毒副反应,增强机体免疫功能,改善患者的生存质量.     

18F-FDG PET用于头颈部肿瘤疗效评价和预后分析的研究进展

正电子发射型计算机断层显像(positron emission tomograph,PET)通过探测肿瘤标准摄取值(standard uptake value,SUV)的大小来判断肿瘤的良恶性、生物学行为、监测放化疗的疗效和早期发现肿瘤的复发等.18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)是目前最常用的PET显像药物,主要反映细胞的葡萄糖代谢情况,18F-FDG的吸收与肿瘤生物学行为、代谢特征、病理学类型及分化程度的相关性为临床判断肿瘤的恶性程度提供了一定的依据,进而为反映肿瘤的预后提供了分子基础.综述了18F-FDG PET在头颈部肿瘤疗效评价和预后分析的研究进展.     

盖诺加吡柔比星治疗晚期乳腺癌的临床观察

目的观察盖诺联合吡柔比星治疗晚期乳腺癌的疗效及安全性。方法对28例晚期乳腺癌患者,盖诺25mg/m2,静脉滴入,第1、8天;吡柔比星40mg/m2,静脉注射第1天,21天为一周期,全组化疗共86周期。结果有效率71.4%(20/28),CRO例,PR20例。结论盖诺加吡柔比星治疗晚期乳腺癌,疗效较好,且毒性可耐受,值得临床使用。     

卡巴胆碱对烧伤延迟复苏大鼠免疫功能的影响

Objective To explore the changing trend of Ia on monocyte, lymphocyte apoptosis rate, TNF-α and IL-6 in abdominal aorta of burned rats with delayed resuscitation and the influence of application of carbachol on them. Methods Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group(n =8), scald group(n =48) and scald with carbachol treatment group(n =48). In latter two groups, rats were inflicted with 30% total body surface area (TBSA) full-thickness scald and delayed fluid resuscitation. All scald rats were sacrificed at the 6th hours or 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 14th day after scald, with 8 rats at each time point. Expression of Ia antigen on monocyte and lymphocyte apoptosis rate were determined by direct immunofluorescence on a flow cytometer, and TNF-α and IL-6 was measured by ELISA. Results Expression of la on monocyte was obviously lower than that of controls. The lowest levels were recorded on the 6th hours and 1st day after scald. Subsequently, Ia was elevated gradually, but still lower than that of normal rats(P <0. 01). After administration of carbachol, Ia expression was obviously promoted, compared with the simple scald group (P <0. 01). Lymphocyte apoptosis rate, TNF-α and IL-6 was higher than that of controls(P <0. 01). After administration of cavachol, , lymphocyte apoptosis rate and TNF-α and IL-6 was obviously down-regulated on the 6th hours, 1st day, 2nd day and 3rd day after scald injury, compared with the simple scald group (P < 0. 01 or 0. 05). Conclusion After severe burn with delayed fluid resuscitation, there is a low la expression, high lymphocyte apoptosis rate and increased releasing of proinflammatory cytokine. Immune function was suppressed. Carbacho] could improve the immune function of scald rats with delayed fluid resuscitation.     

用DNA microarray快速检测淋球菌耐喹诺酮类药物基因突变

研究DNA microarray的制备及其检测淋球菌耐喹诺酮类药物基因突变的准确性。方法根据淋球菌药敏及测序结果分别对淋球菌gyrA和parC基因的序列设计特异引物和探针并制作DNA microarray。对淋球菌临床拭子进行PcR扩增并荧光标记包含gyrA和parC基因的目的DNA片段，与芯片杂交，同时以测序法进行双盲淋球菌耐喹诺酮类药物基因突变的检测。结果87份泌尿生殖道试子全部可用DNA microarray检测出来，芯片检测结果与药敏结果符合率为100％，与测序结果符合率为97．7％。结论用DNA microarray来检测淋球菌gyrA和parC基因突变快速、特异性高和灵敏度高，可以应用于临床耐药性检测。     

我院医院感染现患率调查分析

目的了解某院医院感染现患率,发现医院感染管理中存在的问题和医院感染发生的特点,以改进预防控制措施.方法统一培训调查人员,床旁询问病史、体格检查与在架病历调查相结合,填写统一的个案调查表.对调查日处于医院感染状态的病例进行统计分析.结果应查病例512人,实查495人,实查率96.68%.发生医院感染40例,41例次,医院感染现患率为8.08%、例次现患率为8.28%,高于日常连续性调查结果.医院感染部位以下呼吸道居首位.结论医院感染现患率调查有利于发现医院感染管理工作中存在的问题,为制定医院感染监控措施提供可靠依据.