Interdigitating dendritic cell tumor with breast and cervical lymph-node involvement: a case report and review of the literature

Interdigitating dendritic cell tumor (IDCT) is an extremely rare malignancy. It occurs primarily in lymph nodes, but extranodal involvement has also been reported. A 38-year-old woman with IDCT with breast and cervical lymph-node involvement is reported in this paper. To our knowledge, this is the first case of IDCT originating from the breast. In the breast and lymph node, the tumor displayed diffuse sheets, fascicles and storiform growth pattern. It was composed of oval to spindle cells with pale to eosinophilic cytoplasm, ill-defined cell outlines, oval nuclei with vesicular chromatin and prominent eosinophilic nucleoli. Mitotic activity was three per ten high-power fields. The neoplastic cells were intermingled with small mature lymphocytes and plasma cells. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the tumor cells were strongly and diffusely positive for vimentin, CD68, S-100 protein, CD45/leukocyte common antigen and fascin and focally positive for lysozyme, alpha-1 antitrypsin and CD4. Ki-67 labeling index was 10%. The patient was treated with combined therapeutic approaches, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. IDCT has the potential for an aggressive clinical course. However, 32 months after the initial diagnosis, the patient is still alive and being followed with a stable tumor burden.     

Assay of matrix metalloproteinases types 1, 2, 3 and 9 in breast cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc dependent endopeptidases implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis. Gelatin zymography was performed on 84 human breast carcinomas and seven normal breast tissues. The precursor form of MMP-2 (72 kDa) was found in 11 (12%) samples, while its two activated forms, i.e. 62 kDa and 59 kDa, were found in three (6%) and 34 (40%) samples respectively. In contrast to MMP-2, most of the samples (52%) contained MMP-9 in its precursor form. Using ELISA, MMP-1 levels were found in 12% of the samples while MMP-3 levels were found in only 2% of the samples. Levels of MMP-2, -3 and -9 correlated inversely with numbers of nodal metastases. Neither MMP-2 nor -9 levels were significantly related to patient outcome. However, patients with high levels of a 50-kDa gelatinase band after zymography had a significantly better survival than patients with low levels. This species was never observed in normal breast tissue.     

Correlation between basic fibroblast growth factor immunostaining of stromal cells and stromelysin-3 mRNA expression in human breast carcinoma.

We examined the localization of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a series of human breast carcinomas using immunohistochemistry. Staining was observed in tumour cells in 15 out of 54 (28%) tumours and in the adjacent stroma in 34 out of 54 (63%) tumours examined. No correlation was observed between positive staining of these two compartments. The relationship between bFGF staining and expression of the metalloprotease stromelysin-3, and between bFGF and microvessel density, was examined. A statistically significant correlation (P < 0.003) was observed between bFGF staining of the stromal compartment and high expression of stromelysin-3 (ST-3; MMP-11) metalloprotease mRNA by stromal cells. In contrast, no correlation was observed between bFGF and intratumour microvessel density (IMD). These results raise the possibility that bFGF may be involved in the induction of stromelysin-3 mRNA expression in breast cancer stroma.     

A missense mutation in the BRCA2 gene in three siblings with ovarian cancer.

Inherited susceptibility to ovarian cancer has been associated with germline defects at several loci. The major known ovarian cancer susceptibility gene is BRCA1 on chromosome 17q, which confers a risk of approximately 60% by the age of 70 years. Truncating mutations in BRCA2 on chromosome 13q also predispose to ovarian cancer, although they confer a lower risk than mutations in BRCA1. We have studied the molecular basis of ovarian cancer predisposition in a Finnish family with three affected sisters. Analysis of polymorphic markers provided evidence against linkage to BRCA1, but the sibship was consistent with linkage to BRCA2. Conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis was used to screen the entire coding sequence of BRCA2. A G to A transition at nucleotide 8702 was observed, which is predicted to convert glycine 2901 to aspartate in the encoded protein. This sequence variant was not detected in 220 cancer-free Finnish control individuals, or in several hundred cancer families of many nationalities previously screened for BRCA2 mutations. Taken together with the fact that this amino acid residue and the surrounding region of BRCA2 is identical in mouse and chicken, the data suggest that this alteration is a disease-causing BRCA2 missense mutation. Previously published data indicate that the risks of breast and ovarian cancer conferred by BRCA2-truncating mutations varies with the position of the mutation in the gene. The missense mutation reported here suggests that the BRCA2 domain including and surrounding glycine 2901 may be more important in preventing neoplastic transformation in ovarian epithelium than in breast epithelium.     

Prognostic value of urokinase plasminogen activator in primary breast carcinoma: comparison of two immunoassay methods.

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a potentially important prognostic factor in breast cancer for identifying patients at high risk of recurrence. This retrospective study assessed two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods measuring uPA antigen levels in 499 primary breast cancer cytosols. Both uPA methods were applied to cytosols used routinely for oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptor assays. uPA was determined using a classical ELISA method (Imubind; American Diagnostica) and a novel automatic immunoluminometric assay (Lia; Sangtec Medical). The uPA Imubind method revealed about twice as much uPA antigen (median 0.75 ng mg(-1) protein) as the uPA Lia method (median 0.38 ng mg(-1) protein). The correlation coefficient between the two methods was acceptable (r = 0.81), but the two techniques are not interchangeable. Univariate analyses confirmed the poor outcome of patients whose tumours contained large amounts of uPA, regardless of the technique used. Multivariate analyses showed that uPA Imubind and uPA Lia values were both strong independent prognostic factors.     

Maternal serum thrombospondin-1 is significantly altered in cases with established preeclampsia

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate whether maternal serum TSP-1 level was associated with PE.

Materials and methods: In our case control study, 84 pregnant women in the third trimester were included. Forty-one of them were healthy and 43 of them were with the diagnosis of PE. The diagnosis was based on the definitions of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Preeclamptic patients were divided into two subgroups as mild and severe. Blood pressure (BP) of pregnant women were obtained in left-side lying position using a mercury sphygmomanometer after at least 10 minutes of rest. Ten milliliters of venous blood was taken from every pregnant women and dispensed into lithium heparin and serum was obtained. Samples were stored at ?80?°C until analyzed. Serum TSP-1 level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All tests were two-tailed and p < .05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results: TSP-1 level was significantly lower in PE group than in controls (p?=?.003). Platelet counts were similar in two groups (p = .26). TSP-1 levels were significantly lower in severe PE than in mild PE cases. According to the subgroup analysis, TSP-1 level was found significantly lower in severe preeclampsia group compared to control group (p = .015).

Conclusions: In light of the association between endothelial dysfunction and preeclampsia, we claim that lower levels of TSP-1 which is released mostly from endothelial cells seem to reflect disease severity in PE. Our study reveals that maternal serum TSP-1 levels decrease in pregnant women presenting with PE and TSP-1 may be a new biomarker for the detection of PE and even severity of it. Further studies especially prospective ones with greater numbers of cases are needed.     

Characterization and cross-species amplification of 16 microsatellite loci in Spergularia echinosperma (Caryophyllales: Caryophyllaceae)

Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci are described for Spergularia echinosperma, an endangered plant endemic to Central Europe. Based on 51 individuals, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 5, and the observed and expected heterozygosities were both 0.00–0.17. The markers can be valuable tool to conservation genetics of this species across its distributional range.