Is the outcome of in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer treatment improved by spontaneous or surgical drainage of a hydrosalpinx?

A pilot study was designed to examine whether the outcome of embryo transfer in women with a hydrosalpinx might be improved by surgical drainage of the hydrosalpinx at the time of oocyte collection for in- vitro fertilization treatment. A comparative, controlled but retrospective analysis of the results was performed of all women with infective tubal damage aged <40 years old, who had ovulatory cycles, a normal uterus and a partner with normal spermatozoa. A standardized treatment regimen was used. A maximum of three embryos were transferred. Hydrosalpinx was defined by prior hysterosalpingography and/or laparoscopy with transcervical dye injection. A total of 237 embryo transfer cycles in women with hydrosalpinges (tubal distension not visible in 151, visible but not drained in 30 and drained in 56) were compared with 705 embryo transfer cycles in women with tubal disease but no hydrosalpinx. Results were analysed in the first three cycles but also separately in the first cycle to check for bias. Success rates were higher in the first cycle, but did not significantly influence overall differences. Implantation rates were significantly reduced overall in the hydrosalpinx group (8.0 versus 13.2% for controls; P < 0.001), being 8.3% (P < 0.01) in the subgroup without evident tubal distension and 7.5% (not significant) in the drained hydrosalpinx group. This study shows that tubal damage with distal occlusion is associated with a marked reduction in embryo implantation, even in the absence of obvious fluid distension. Surgical drainage of distended hydrosalpinges appears to offer no benefit.      

Identification and characterization of aquaporin-2 water channel mutations causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with partial vasopressin response

Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare disease caused most often by mutations in the vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2). We studied a family which included a female patient with NDI with symptoms dating from infancy. The patient responded to large doses of desmopressin (dDAVP) which decreased urine volume from 10 to 4 I/day. Neither the parents nor the three sisters were polyuric. The patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for two novel recessive point mutations in the aquaporin-2 (AQP2) gene: L22V in exon 1 and C181W in exon 3. Residue Cys181 in AQP2 is the site for inhibition of water permeation by mercurial compounds and is located near to the NPA motif conserved in all aquaporins. Osmotic water permeability (Pf) in Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNA encoding C181W-AQP2 was not increased over water control, while expression of L22V cRNA increased the Pf to approximately 60% of that for wild-type AQP2. Co-injection of the mutant cRNAs with the wild-type cRNA did not affect the function of the wild-type AQP2. Immunolocalization of AQP2-transfected CHO cells showed that the C181W mutant had an endoplasmic reticulum-like intracellular distribution, whereas L22V and wild-type AQP2 showed endosome and plasma membrane staining. Water permeability assays showed a high Pf in cells expressing wild-type and L22V AQP2. This study indicates that AQP2 mutations can confer partially responsive NDI.      

The role of size, sequence and haplotype in the stability of FRAXA and FRAXE alleles during transmission

Factors involved in the stability of trinucleotide repeats during transmission were studied in 139 families in which a full mutation, premutation or intermediate allele at either FRAXA or FRAXE was segregating. The transmission of alleles at FRAXA, FRAXE and four microsatellite loci were recorded for all individuals. Instability within the minimal and common ranges (0-40 repeats for FRAXA, 0-30 repeats for FRAXE) was extremely rare; only one example was observed, an increased in size at FRAXA from 29 to 39 repeats. Four FRAXA and three FRAXE alleles in the intermediate range (41-60) repeats for FRAXA, 31-60 for FRAXE) were unstably transmitted. Instability was more frequent for FRAXA intermediate alleles that had a tract of pure CGG greater than 37 although instability only occurred in two of 13 such transmissions: the changes observed were limited to only one or two repeats. Premutation FRAXA alleles over 100 repeats expanded to a full mutation during female transmission in 100% of cases, in agreement with other published series. There was no clear correlation between haplotype and probability of expansion of FRAXA premutations. Instability at FRAXA or FRAXE was more often observed in conjunction with a second instability at an independent locus suggesting genomic instability as a possible mechanism by which at least some FRAXA and FRAXE mutations arise.      

肠道病毒71型灭活疫苗的卫生经济学评价:包括手足口病后遗症损失

目的 结合手足口病后遗症造成的经济损失与健康寿命损失,评估EV71疫苗接种的流行病学效果与成本效益。方法 构建Markov模型,采用成本效益分析,比较1 500万新生儿在30%覆盖率接种与不接种疫苗两种策略下的临床事件与经济学结果,模型参数来源于公开数据库或已发布数据。结果 1 500万新生儿接种EV71疫苗（覆盖率30%）可以避免1 210 434例手足口病发病,4 757例重型,242例后遗症以及72例死亡,挽救38 762.94个质量调整寿命年（QALYs）。成本仅包括疫苗接种成本与手足口病疾病负担时,增量成本效益比（ICER）为27 792.01元/QALY。成本包括后遗症经济损失时,疫苗接种人均净效益为396.70元。敏感性分析提示,疫苗价格阈值为397.05元每剂。结论 接种EV71疫苗能减少手足口病临床事件发生,具有成本效益,有利于改善手足口病疾病现状,降低疾病负担。     

放射卫生机构在核辐射卫生应急体系作用探讨

分析和探讨放射卫生机构在核辐射卫生应急体系中发挥的作用。通过对比发现,核辐射紧急医学救援基地多由取得放射卫生技术服务（甲级）资质或放射性疾病诊断机构资质的单位承担建设任务。放射卫生机构在平时工作中积累的辐射监测、污染检测、剂量估算、健康效应评价等技术能力可在核辐射卫生应急处置中发挥重要作用,实现能力建设的“平急结合”。建议各级放射卫生机构继续发挥自身所长,通过参加放射卫生监测项目的机会提高自身能力,并积极参与放射卫生技术机构检测能力考核,为核辐射卫生应急工作做好人才和技术储备。     

胎儿脑灰质异位合并FLNA基因突变病例报告

报告1例产前超声联合胎儿颅脑磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）诊断胎儿脑灰质异位合并细丝蛋白A（filamin A,FLNA）基因突变的病例。患者超声检测结果显示侧脑室外壁凹凸不平,颅后窝池宽,透明隔间腔略窄,小脑延髓池轻度增宽。MRI诊断结果为胎儿脑灰质异位合并大枕大池。羊水穿刺获得脱落细胞,采用全外显子测序和基因拷贝数变异（copy number variations,CNV）分析,显示与脑灰质异位疾病相关的FLNA基因外显子出现缺失,其为可能导致脑灰质异位的致病基因。因此,超声结合胎儿颅脑MRI能有效提高脑灰质异位的诊断率,其中染色体检查可筛查出部分致病原因,并对下次妊娠提供帮助。该病例可丰富临床医生对胎儿大脑灰质异位的产前超声检查、合并畸形、临床表现等的认识。     

Bio—Normalizer（BN）对体外鼠胚大脑神经细胞缺氧损伤保护作用的研究

目的：为研究Bio-Normalizer(BN)对大脑神经细胞缺氧损伤的保护作用,并探讨其机制。方法：本研究采用无血清体外细胞培养方法,培养鼠胚大脑神经细胞,将神经细胞造成缺氧损伤,在无血清培养液中加入不同剂量的BN,观察BN对缺氧损伤的保护作用。将细胞分为4组,Ⅰ组为缺氧BN浓度为0mg/ml组;Ⅱ组为缺氧BN浓度为0．1mg/ml组,Ⅲ组为缺氧BN浓度为0．5mg/ml组;Ⅳ组为非缺氧BN浓度为0mg/ml组。在倒置显微镜下观察细胞生长发育的情况,于细胞培养后的第4天收集细胞,测定生化指标,同时进时光镜和电镜病理检查。结果：缺氧0．1mgBN/ml组的神经细胞MTT及NSE活性均高于缺氧0mgBN/ml组,并有显著差别（P＜0．05）;形态学观察结果也显示缺氧0．1mgBN/ml组和0.5mgBN/ml组的神经细胞缺氧损伤后恢复明显好于缺氧0mgBN/ml组。结论：BN对大脑神经细胞缺氧损伤恢复具有明显的促进作用。     

前列腺素E1治疗糖尿病合并下肢闭塞性动脉硬化的疗效观察

目的：观察前列腺素E1（PGE1）对47例糖尿病合并下肢闭塞性动脉硬化的疗效。方法：选择47例糖尿病合并下肢闭塞性动脉硬化（ASO）的住院病人,在控制血糖的同时予PGE1 100ug,加入生理盐水500ml,缓慢静脉滴注,14d为一疗程,观察治疗前后患者的自觉症状,下肢血管多普勒及血流流变学的变化,结果：PGE1具有扩张血管,改善下肢血流,通微循环的作用,从而改善下肢缺血症状,并促进溃疡愈合,结论：PGE1对糖尿病合并下肢闭塞性动脉硬化具有较好疗效。     

体重指数与2型糖尿病关系的Meta分析

目的：研究糖尿病家族史、身高体重指数（BMI）在2型糖尿病发生中的作用。方法：应用Meta-分析对国内有关2型糖尿病发病与糖尿病家族史、体重指数及关系的8个病例对照研究结果进行定量综合分析。结果：糖尿病家族史、BMI与2型糖尿病发病合并的OR分别为2.55(2.16-3.01)、1.34(1.22-3.37）。结论：家族史和BMI均为2型糖尿病发病的危险因素。     

卡氏肺孢子虫感染动物模型建立与电镜观察

（1）目的 观察卡氏肺孢子虫及病变肺组织超微结构,探讨卡氏肺孢子虫的可能致病机制。（2）方法 肌注地塞米松诱发大鼠卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎,取其肺组织,按常规方法进行透射电镜观察。（3）结果 电镜下第22-28天即可观察到卡氏肺孢子虫的感染,以包囊为主;第43-56天达重度感染,以滋养体为主,肺泡腔内多见,肺间质中少见,中性粒细胞、肺泡巨噬细胞和Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞内也可见到。（4）结论 大滋养体伸出丝状伪足与Ⅰ,Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞粘连使上皮细胞发生变化。Ⅱ型上皮细胞发生凋亡。