N-苯基哌嗪的合成

目的：研究N－苯基哌嗪的合成方法。方法：以苯胺、二乙醇胺等为超始原料,采用两条路线：路线A是通过溴化、缩合、中和等反应来合成目标产物,路线B采用“一锅煮”方法制备所需的化合物。结果：路线A的收率为27．8％,路线B的收率为47．2％,含量均在96％以上,^1H－NMR谱表明结果正确。结论：路线B的工艺流程简单,三废少且易处理,该路线适合于工业化生产。     

基于流行病学、空间、基因组学数据的中国上海内部人口流动与结核病传播动力学研究

正中国国内人口大规模从农村向城市流动,为结核病控制工作带来了新的挑战。2018年7月的《The Lancet. Infectious diseases》刊载了一项研究,旨在将基因组数据、空间数据和流行病学数据结合起来,描述有大量流动人口的城市环境中结核病的传播动力学特征。研究者们针对上海松江地区的培养阳性结核分枝杆菌开展了一项基于人群的研究。采用全基因组测序法,对具有相同"数目可变串联重复序列(VNTR)"组合的结核分枝杆菌表观基因簇进行了区分,并分析了居住距离与基因学成簇的结合分枝杆菌感染风险之间的关系。最后,利用基因组学     

8The effect of food on electrical and mechanical activity of the canine antrum

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is an unexplained disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of nausea and vomiting. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of gastric myoelectrical activity in patients meeting Rome II criteria for CVS and studied between cycles using cutaneous electrogastrography (EGG). Methods: 11 patients (6M, 5F, mean age: 31 years, range: 16–60) with CVS (5 symptomatic and 6 asymptomatic at the time of the study) underwent EGG between acute CVS attacks. EGG recordings were made for 30 minutes in the fasting state and for 60 minutes after ingestion of a caloric liquid meal (Boost, 360 kcal). Power spectral analysis methods were used to extract quantitative EGG parameters: EGG dominant frequency/power, change in postprandial EGG power, percentages of normal slow waves (2 to 4 cpm) and dysrythmias including tachygastria (slow‐wave frequency >4 cpm) and bradygastria (slow‐wave frequency <2 cpm) in each recording session. Patients were asked to score their symptoms of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain (0 = none, 4 = constant) during both pre‐ and postprandial periods. Data are expressed as mean ± SE. Results: 7/11 demonstrated an abnormal EGG (dysrhythmia >30% in 4 patients and a decrease in postprandial EGG power in 6 patients). 5/11 patients had symptoms (nausea) during EGG recording and all had an abnormal EGG. The major abnormalities of EGG were tachygastria and a decrease in EGG postprandial power change. In comparison with asymptomatic patients at the time of the study, symptomatic patients had significantly more tachgastria (20.4 ± 3.9% vs. 6.7 ± 2.7%, P = 0.01) and significantly less normal slow waves (67.6 ± 2.0% vs. 86.7 ± 2.8%, P < 0.05) in the fed state. The increase in EGG postptandial power in symptomatic patients was also significantly less than asymptomatic patients (­2.55 ± 1.01 dB vs. 1.14 ± 0.54 dB, P < 0.05). Conclusions: 1) Abnormalities of EGG are presented in CVS between acute episodes and could explain some of the symptoms present; 2) Abnormal gastric myoelectrical activity is part of the spectrum of the CVS patients.     

Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care: a questionnaire survey in western Sweden.

AIM: To assess the primary care management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in relation to COPD guidelines. METHOD: A postal questionnaire was sent out to all Primary Health Care Centres (PHCCs) in western Sweden (n=232). The response rate was 75%. RESULTS: A majority of the PHCCs had a nurse and physician responsible for COPD care. They used spirometry equipment regularly, but only 50% reported that they calibrated it at least weekly. Less than 30% of the PHCCs reported access to a dietician, occupational therapist or physiotherapist. There was a structured smoking cessation program in 50% of the PHCCs. Larger PHCCs were more likely to use spirometry equipment regularly and to have specific personnel for COPD care. CONCLUSION: There is a need to establish structured programs for COPD care including smoking cessation programs for COPD patients with special trained staff. Larger PHCCs have a better infrastructure for providing guideline-defined COPD care.     

Spontaneous growth in idiopathic short stature. European Study Group

Documenting the spontaneous growth pattern of children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) should be helpful in evaluating the effects of growth promoting treatments. Growth curves for children with ISS were constructed, based on 229 untreated children (145 boys and 84 girls) from nine European countries. The children were subdivided according to target range and onset of puberty, and the growth of these subgroups was evaluated from standard deviation scores (SDS). At birth, children with ISS were already shorter than normal (means; boys -0.8 SDS, girls -1.3 SDS). Height slowly decreased from -1.7 SDS at the age of 2 years to -2.7 SDS at the age of 16 years in boys and 13 years in girls. Final height was -1.5 SDS in boys and -1.6 SDS in girls (mean (SD): boys 164.8 (6.1) cm, girls 152.7 (5.3) cm)), which was 5-6 cm below their target height. The onset of puberty was delayed (boys 13.8 (1.3) years, girls 12.9 (1.1) years). Subclassification resulted in similar growth curves. These specific growth data may be more suitable for evaluating the effects of growth promoting treatments than population based references.     

Adult-onset asthma and occupational exposures

OBJECTIVES: This study examined certain occupational exposures and the risk for adult-onset asthma. METHODS: A nested case-referent study of adult-onset asthma was performed on a random population sample (N=15813), aged 21 to 51 years. Cases for the study included 2 groups: subjects reporting "physician-diagnosed" asthma (N=251) and a broader "asthma" group (N=362). The "asthma" group consisted of subjects with "physician-diagnosed" asthma (N=251) and subjects reporting asthma-like symptoms without having "physician-diagnosed" asthma (N=111). The referents (N=2044) were randomly selected from the whole population sample. The case-referent sample was investigated with a comprehensive questionnaire about occupational exposures, asthma, respiratory symptoms, smoking, and atopy. Odds ratios were calculated with stratification for gender, year of diagnosis, and birth year. RESULTS: The highest odds ratio for "physician-diagnosed" asthma was associated with exposure to flour dust [odds ratio (OR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.5-5.2] and the occupational handling of resin-based paints (isocyanates) (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.6-5.9). Exposure to welding fumes, textile dust, and work with glues containing acrylates was also associated with an increased odds ratio for "physician-diagnosed" asthma. Including persons with asthma-like symptoms (ie, the asthma group) showed similar results. CONCLUSION: This population-based case-referent study from Sweden indicates that occupational exposure to acrylate-based compounds and welding fumes is associated with increased risk for adult-onset asthma.