Ureteroscopy under local anesthesia

Ureteroscopy has been performed with local anesthesia with and without sedation in 30 patients. Flexible endoscopes were used in 18, rigid endoscopes alone in 7, and rigid and flexible instruments in 5 patients. The flexible instruments ranged in size from 4F to 10F, while rigid instruments were 10F to 12F. Although most procedures were diagnostic, calculi were removed from the distal ureter in 4 patients and from the midureter in 1 patient. Ultrasonic lithotripsy was utilized in 1 patient. The success and tolerance of flexible or distal rigid ureteroscopy with local anesthesia permits its recommendation in carefully selected patients.     

Ethics, Human Rights, and Clinical Research

Despite the safeguards imposed by the IRB and the consent process, the prospective researcher still may have problems with ethical considerations. There are many motives for performing clinical research, which run the gamut from patient-care concerns, such as inadequate standard therapy, to those less pure, such as reimbursement and academic standing. It is imperative that the rights and welfare of study populations be observed and guarded strictly. This means that all studies must be reviewed by an appropriate IRB before initiation of the study. Failure to do so not only may compromise the ethical integrity of the study but also may prevent the investigator from publishing their findings.Although emergency research may present challenges, recently published guidelines give direction for emergency research requiring waiver of informed consent. Knowledge of the guidelines and federal regulations will assist the researcher to know the expectations necessary to prepare for an IRB review. Ongoing dialog with an IRB representative is helpful to explain and clarify the study and assure that questions are answered before IRB submission.     

核、膜蛋白的基因能抑制禽类流感病毒及其重组株的繁殖

对人流感病毒A/Udorn/72(H_3N_2)株与禽类流感病毒A/Mallard/NY/78/(H_2N_2)重组后的重组株分析表明,仅含禽类病毒的核蛋白(NP)或膜蛋白(M)的RNA片段的重组株,在松鼠猴的呼吸道繁殖是受限制的。另外。仅有禽类的RNAl和NS基因的重组株(Clone 12)在松鼠猴的气管内的繁殖也明显受限制,而只具有其中一个基因的Clone 9, Clone 2, 则限制就不明显。由此表明,禽类流感病毒的NP和M基因在宿主范围的繁殖限制中起主要作用,而RNAI和SN基因的结合,同样起着繁殖受限制作用。     

Rotator cuff lesions of the shoulder: evaluation by direct sagittal CT arthrography

Direct sagittal computed tomographic scanning (DSCT) of the shoulder was performed in 42 symptomatic patients, six healthy volunteers, and two cadaver shoulders. Axial CT scanning and double-contrast arthrography with plain radiographs were performed in 41 patients for comparison. DSCT enabled correct identification of 27 of 29 lesions in 24 patients. Seventeen patients had normal shoulders. Axial CT scanning and DSCT together enabled correct identification of all lesions and were markedly superior to plain-film arthrography. DSCT enabled diagnosis of all cases of complete rotator cuff tear plus three cases of incomplete tear and three of rotator cuff atrophy not identified by the other techniques. Axial CT scanning was better than DSCT for diagnosis of Bankart lesions.     

Kinetics of peripheral blood mononuclear cell mobilization with chemotherapy and/or granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor: implications for yield of hematopoietic progenitor cell collections

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) are commonly collected and used to reconstitute hematopoiesis after high-dose chemotherapy. However, strategies for optimal collection and assessment of leukapheresis components are not standardized. STUDY DESIGN and METHODS: Hematopoietic progenitor cell assays were performed on 369 leukapheresis components collected from 95 patients who had received doxorubicin-based chemotherapy and/or granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Precollection patient hematologic values, leukapheresis collection values, component hematopoietic progenitor cell assays, and patient outcome measures were summarized. The kinetics of mononuclear cell (MNC) and PBPC mobilization were assessed among four patient groups. RESULTS: Patient group was a significant predictor of the peripheral blood MNC count on the day of collection (p<0.0001), and that value was a significant predictor of granulocyte-macrophage– colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) yield (p<0.0001). This relationship between the peripheral blood MNC count on the day of collection and CFU- GM yield differed according to patient group (p<0.0001). CFU-GM made up a larger fraction of peripheral blood MNCs collected from patients who received chemotherapy plus G-CSF than collected from those who received G-CSF alone. Moreover, the peripheral blood MNC count and the corresponding CFU-GM yield increased significantly on consecutive days of collection in patient groups receiving chemotherapy and G-CSF but were unchanged or decreased in patients receiving G-CSF alone. CONCLUSION: The relationship between peripheral blood MNC count and leukapheresis component CFU-GM yield differed significantly between patients who received chemotherapy and G-CSF and those who received G- CSF alone for the mobilization of PBPCs. Patient peripheral blood MNC count and component CFU-GM yield are useful for both assessing and suggesting revisions to PBPC mobilization and collection strategies.     

普通男大学生关节相对峰力矩与蹲跳高度的关联分析

目的:分析普通男大学生髋、膝、踝、肩、肘各关节相对峰力矩与蹲跳高度的相关性。方法:实验于2004-11/2005-01在河北省体科所完成。①实验对象:随机抽取河北省某大学普通男生30名,年龄(21.8±0.8)岁,身高(170.67±5.48)cm,体质量(65.70±7.99)kg,测试前均从未进行过专门的肌肉力量训练,优势上、下肢均为右侧。②实验方法:从站立开始加摆臂的反向蹲跳,要求受试者上体尽可能保持前后方向稳定,从站立位开始下蹲时上肢向下加速摆臂,并迅速向上蹬伸起跳。从站立开始不加摆臂的反向蹲跳,是排除上肢对蹲跳高度的影响。从半蹲开始加摆臂的无反向蹲跳,要求半蹲的角度控制在105°,静止状态下半蹲预备后,直接进入向上的蹬伸起跳过程,不能出现在起动瞬间身体重心先小幅下移再向上的情况。每种动作做3次,每次间隔10min。③实验评估:通过爱捷图像解析系统得出蹲跳高度,取成绩最好的一次采用Biodex Ⅱ型等速测力及康复系统检测受试者各关节肌力相对峰力矩。利用多因素优势分析法得出在慢速[60(°、快速[240(°)/s])/s]状态下,髋、膝、踝、肩、肘关节相对峰力矩与蹲跳高度的相关性。结果:①从站立开始加摆臂的反向蹲跳高度与各关节相对峰力矩的关系:在慢速状态时与髋关节伸肌相对峰力矩、踝关节背屈肌相对峰力矩、膝关节伸肌相对峰力矩呈明显相关(r=0.808,0.692,0.656),在快速状态时与肘关节屈肌相对峰力矩呈明显相关(r=0.770)。②从站立开始不加摆臂的反向蹲跳高度与各关节相对峰力矩的关系:在慢速状态时与踝关节背屈肌相对峰力矩呈明显相关(=0.747),在快速状态时与膝关节屈肌相对峰力矩呈明显相关(r=0.796)。③从半蹲开始加摆臂的无反向蹲跳高r度与各关节相对峰力矩的关系:从半蹲开始加摆臂的无反向蹲跳高度,在慢速状态时与髋关节伸肌相对峰力矩、踝关节背屈肌相对峰力矩、膝关节伸肌相对峰力矩呈明显相关(r=0.774,0.762,0.712),在快速状态时与肘关节屈肌相对峰力矩呈明显相关(r=0.843)。结论:①加摆臂的反向与无反向蹲跳,髋关节伸肌相对峰力矩、肘关节屈肌相对峰力矩分别是慢速、快速状态下影响其高度的首要因素。②不加摆臂的反向蹲跳,踝关节背屈肌相对峰力矩、髋关节伸肌相对峰力矩分别是慢速、快速状态下影响其高度的首要因素。③提示发展上肢肌肉力量对蹲跳高度的提高大有益处。     

人类白细胞抗原分型技术的进展

学术背景：以往人类白细胞抗原分型主要采用血清学和细胞学方法，随着PCR技术、基因芯片技术及分子生物学技术的发展，已建立从基因水平上进行的人类白细胞抗原分型技术。目的：介绍人类白细胞抗原分型方法，为实际应用提供依据。检索策略：应用计算机检索PubMed1997—07／2007—07期间的相关文章，检索词“HLA technology”，并限定文章语言种类为English。同时检索万方数据库1997—07／2007—07相关文章，检索词为“人类白细胞抗原”，并限定文献语种为中文。共检索到相关文献142篇，选择与人类白细胞抗原分型技术有关的文献55篇。将初步筛选的文章进一步查找全文，排除综述和重复文献，内容相似的选择发表在权威杂志或近3年发表的文献，最后共纳入30篇进行综述。文献评价：文献对不同的人类白细胞抗原分型方法进行汇总分析，符合纳入标准的30篇文献中，6篇为中文文献，24篇为英文文献。资料综合：传统的人类白细胞抗原分型方法主要是血清学和细胞学方法，分型准确性较差。随着PCR技术的广泛应用，人类白细胞抗原基因分型方法得到了迅速的发展。序列特异性引物、序列特异性寡核苷酸探针、直接测序、基因芯片等各具特点的人类白细胞抗原分型技术不断出现，使人类白细胞抗原的分型更加准确、精细、简便、实用，为临床推广应用打下了基础。结论：各种人类白细胞抗原基因分型方法各有优势，不能相互替代，这也是由人类自细胞抗原系统的高度多态性和复杂性所决定的，根据不同的用途可选择相应的方法。     

Demographic characteristics and prevalence of serologic markers among donors who use the confidential unit exclusion process: the Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study

BACKGROUND: Most blood centers utilize a confidential unit exclusion (CUE) process, intended to reduce the risk of transfusion-associated infectious diseases by allowing high-risk donors confidentially to exclude their blood from use for transfusion. The effectiveness of this method remains controversial. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Confirmatory or supplemental test results for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, human T-lymphotropic virus type I, and hepatitis C virus, as well as hepatitis B surface antigen and syphilis and screening test results for antibodies to hepatitis B core (antigen) and alanine aminotransferase levels were obtained for approximately 1.8 million units donated during 1991 and 1992 at five blood centers within the United States. The prevalences of these infectious disease markers in units that the donors confidentially excluded (CUE+) and units that the donors did not exclude (CUE-) were calculated and examined within demographic subgroups. RESULTS: Units that were CUE+ were 8 to 41 times more likely to be seropositive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B surface antigen, and syphilis and three to four times more likely to react for antibody to hepatitis B core (antigen) or to have elevated alanine aminotransferase levels than units that were CUE- (p < 0.001). The positive predictive value of CUE (the percentage of CUE+ units that were confirmed seropositive for any marker) was 3.5 percent, and the sensitivity of CUE (the percentage of confirmed-seropositive units that were CUE+) was 2.3 percent. CONCLUSION: The current CUE process has low sensitivity and apparently low positive predictive value, and in many cases, it appeared that donors misunderstood it. Yet, CUE was not a “random process,” as CUE+ units were more likely to be seropositive for any infectious disease marker than CUE- units. This suggests that efforts to improve the CUE system may be warranted. As risk factors for transfusion-transmitted infection become more difficult to identify by history-based screening, however, such efforts may have limited effect.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转移对成骨细胞生长特性的影响

目的:碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(Basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)对骨组织的损伤有修复作用,许多体内外实验均表明外源性植入碱性成纤维细胞生长因子能明显促进骨形成过程。观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子基因转移对成骨细胞生长特性的影响。方法:实验于2003-01/07在解放军广州军区总医院医学实验科完成。成年雄性新西兰白兔,体质量1.5～2.5kg,采用聚乙烯亚胺(jetPEITM)介导真核分泌表达载体pcDNA3.1-bFGF及非分泌表达载体pEGFP-C3-bFGF转染原代培养的成骨细胞,消化收集转染成骨细胞以及未经转染的成骨细胞,利用血细胞计数器进行细胞计数,绘制细胞生长曲线,同时测定DNA浓度、碱性磷酸酶及骨钙素含量的变化。结果:①未转染的细胞在第8天进入稳定期,而经转染的细胞在第10天才进入稳定期。未转染细胞最终达到的细胞数量为(1.70±0.02)×109L-1,而经转染的细胞数量为(2.10±0.03)×109L-1,差异显著(P<0.05)。②经pcDNA3.1-bFGF转染的成骨细胞的DNA量最高,约为(255±20)mg/L,而经pEGFP-C3-bFGF转染的成骨细胞的总DNA量约为(225±20)mg/L,未经转染的成骨细胞的总DNA量为(100±10)mg/L。③pcDNA3.1-bFGF转染的成骨细胞培养至第9天后,碱性磷酸酶分泌量为(8.0±0.22)IU/mL;而未转染的成骨细胞碱性磷酸酶分泌量为(13.12±0.18)IU/mL。经pEGFP-C3-bFGF转染的成骨细胞所分泌的碱性磷酸酶与未经转染的细胞的分泌量相当,约为(12.56±0.24)IU/mL。④随着培养时间的延长,骨钙素分泌量的变化趋势与碱性磷酸酶相同,但重组质粒转染成骨细胞与未转染细胞最终分泌的骨钙素量差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:①经pcDNA3.1-bFGF及pEGFP-C3-bFGF重组质粒转染后,成骨细胞的生长特性有一定的变化,与添加外源碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的影响基本相同。②pcDNA3.1-bFGF转染的细胞分泌的碱性成纤维细胞生长因子能够促进细胞分裂增殖,降低碱性磷酸酶的表达,而pEGFP-C3-bFGF转染的细胞不能分泌表达蛋白,难以发挥其生物学功能。