Rectal mucosal biopsy in aganglionosis and allied conditions

Rectal mucosal biopsies were performed in 146 patients suspected of having Hirschsprung's disease. The biopsies were serially sectioned and screened for the presence of ganglion cells. In the 101 cases in which ganglion cells were found, the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease was ruled out. In 45 patients, histologic examination revealed the typical features of Hirschsprung's disease, i.e., the absence of ganglion cells and the presence of numerous hypertrophied nerve bundles. The varied morphologic features of Meissner's plexus in patients of different ages and the diagnostic pitfalls are described in detail. Serial frozen sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin were examined in eight cases of neonatal intestinal obstruction and enterocolitis. This method was found to be useful and reliable in emergencies. In three of these cases ganglion cells were found and major surgical procedures were avoided. In 73 cases, staining for acetylcholinesterase activity was performed. The results matched the microscopic findings in all but three false-positive cases.     

Hybridization studies of cultured human pituitary prl and gh producing adenoma cells: Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone,somatostatin, and phorbol ester

The effects of the hypothalamic hormones, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and somatostatin (SRIH), and of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) on PRL and GH secretion and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analyzed in 10 GH and/or PRL producing adenomas after culturing the tumor cells in the presence of these secretagogues for 7 days. The expression of chromogranin A and B mRNAs was also examined. All four of the clinically diagnosed GH adenomas expressed or secreted both GH and PRL while four of six clinically diagnosed prolactinomas produced or secreted both PRL and GH. Prolactinomas had less than 10% of tumor cells expressing chromogranin A mRNA while more than 40% of the adenoma cells expressed chromogranin B mRNA. TRH stimulated PRL secretion and increased PRL mRNA levels while SRIH decreased GH secretion and mRNA expression in some cases. Unexpectedly, PMA stimulated PRL mRNA levels four- to sevenfold above control levels in two adenomas and generally stimulated chromogranin A and B mRNA expression but not GH mRNA, as determined by Northern hybridization and in situ hybridization analyses. These results indicate that cultured prolactinoma cells express significantly more chromogranin B mRNA than chromogranin A mRNA, and that PMA increases PRL mRNA expression in some prolactinomas, although the effect of PMA on various adenomas reflects the heterogeneity of these tumors with respect to protein kinase C stimulation.     

Ability of Staphylococcus aureus Cells to Bind Normal Human Immunoglobulin G

Staphylococcus aureus cells suspended in a human immunoglobulin G (IgG) solution adsorbed nearly 90% of the IgG; electron micrographs showed the cells enclosed in a thick, dense envelope of IgG.     

Inflammatory Responses in Blood Samples of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Pulmonary Infections

We analyzed the characteristics of the inflammatory response occurring in blood during pulmonary infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. A prospective study of consecutive hospital admissions of HIV-infected patients with new-onset radiologic pulmonary infiltrates was carried out in a tertiary university hospital from April 1998 to May 2001. Plasma cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were determined at the time of admission and 4, 5, and 6 days later. Patients were included in a protocol addressed to study etiology and outcome of disease. A total of 249 episodes of infection were included, with the main diagnoses being bacterial pneumonia (BP) (118 episodes), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (41 episodes), and mycobacteriosis (36 episodes). For these three patient groups, at the time of admission the median CRP and cytokine levels were as follows: CRP, 10.2, 3.8 and 5 mg/dl, respectively (P = 0.0001); IL-8, 19, 3, and 2.9 pg/ml (P = 0.045); and TNF-α, 46.4, 44, and 75 pg/ml, respectively (P = 0.029). There were no significant differences in levels of IL-1β, IL-6, or IL-10 among the patient groups. A total of 23 patients died. At the time of admission, HIV-infected patients with BP had higher plasma CRP and IL-8 levels than did PCP and mycobacteriosis patients. TNF-α levels were higher in patients with mycobacteriosis. An elevated IL-8 level (>61 pg/ml) at the time of admission was an independent factor associated with higher mortality (odds ratio, 12; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 235.5).     

Principal components of mania

OBJECTIVE: An alternative to the categorical classification of psychiatric diseases is the dimensional study of the signs and symptoms of psychiatric syndromes. To date, there have been few reports about the dimensions of mania, and the existence of a depressive dimension in mania remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the dimensions of manic disorder by using classical scales to study the signs and symptoms of affective disorders. METHODS: One-hundred and three consecutively admitted inpatients who met DSM IV criteria for bipolar disorder, manic or mixed were rated with the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-21). A principal components factor analysis of the HDRS-21 and the YMRS was carried out. RESULTS: Factor analysis showed five independent and clinically interpretable factors corresponding to depression, dysphoria, hedonism, psychosis and activation. The distribution of factor scores on the depressive factor was bimodal, whereas it was unimodal on the dysphoric, hedonism and activation factors. Finally, the psychosis factor was not normally distributed. LIMITATIONS: Patients of the sample were all medicated inpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Mania seems to be composed of three core dimensions, i.e. hedonism, dysphoria and activation, and is frequently accompanied by a psychotic and a depressive factor. The existence of a depressive factor suggests that it is essential to evaluate depression during mania, and the distribution of the depressive factor supports the existence of two different states in mania.     

Comparative evaluation of the new version of the INNO-LiPA Mycobacteria and genotype Mycobacterium assays for identification of Mycobacterium species from MB/BacT liquid cultures artificially inoculated with Mycobacterial strains

The performance of two DNA line probe assays, a new version of INNO-LiPA Mycobacteria (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) and the GenoType Mycobacterium (Hain Diagnostika, Nehren, Germany), were evaluated for identification of mycobacterial species isolated from liquid cultures. Both tests are based on a PCR technique and designed for simultaneous identification of different mycobacterial species by reverse hybridization and line probe technology. The INNO-LiPA Mycobacteria v2 targeting the 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer region was developed for the simultaneous identification of 16 different mycobacterial species. The GenoType Mycobacterium, which targets the 23S rRNA gene, allows simultaneous identification of 13 mycobacterial species. Both tests were evaluated on 110 mycobacterial strains belonging to 22 different mycobacterial species (20 reference strains, 83 clinical strains, and 4 Mycobacterium kansasii strains isolated from tap water) that were previously inoculated into MB/BacT bottles. The sensitivity of both methods, defined as the number of positive results obtained with the Mycobacterium genus probe together with an interpretable result on the number of samples tested was 110 of 110 (100%) for INNO-LiPA and 102 of 110 (92.7%) for GenoType. For samples with interpretable results, INNO-LiPA was able to correctly identify 109 of 110 samples (99.1%), whereas the GenoType correctly identified 100 of 102 samples (98.0%). Both tests were easy to perform, rapid, and reliable when applied to mycobacterial identification directly from MB/BacT bottles.     

In vivo measurement of electrical parameters with alumina-covered stainless steel electrodes

An experimental method has been developed for in vivo measurement of electrical parameters. It is thus possible to evaluate not only the instantaneous corrosion rate of implants but also their susceptibility to pitting corrosion. It has also been shown that when the method is applied to stainless steel/ceramic electrodes, these remain in the passive condition. If an eventual breakdown of the passivating film occurs, it will quickly regenerate itself.