The diagnosis and management of temporal arteritis

Temporal arteritis (TA), or giant cell arteritis, is a systemic autoimmune vasculitis affecting patients over 50 years of age. It can cause rapid, irreversible bilateral vision loss in older adults and is therefore considered an ophthalmological emergency. Many of the symptoms and signs of TA can be vague, non-specific and gradual in onset, often leading to a delayed or inaccurate diagnosis. As such, it is important for a wide variety of primary optometrists and health practitioners to maintain a robust understanding of the clinical presentation, key investigations and time-sensitive management of this disease, as early initiation of treatment for TA can be vision- and life-saving.     

In vitro killing of neuroblastoma cells by neutrophils derived from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-treated cancer patients using an anti-disialoganglioside/anti-Fc gamma RI bispecific antibody

Neutrophils isolated from cancer patients treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) express high levels of Fc gamma RI. They exhibited an efficient killing of GD2+ neuroblastoma cells in the presence of an antidisialoganglioside (GD2) mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb; 7A4, IgG3 kappa). However, this cytotoxicity was totally blocked by human monomeric IgG. In contrast, a bispecific antibody (7A4 bis 22/MDX-260), prepared by chemically linking an F(ab') fragment of 7A4 with an F(ab') fragment of an anti-Fc gamma RI MoAb, 22, which binds outside the Fc binding domain, triggered antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, even when neutrophils were preincubated with human monomeric IgG. F(ab')2 22 MoAb abrogated the MDX-260 killing without affecting that of 7A4. The 3G8 MoAb, directed against the Fc gamma RIII binding site, did not inhibit the cytotoxicity induced by either antibody. Thus, these results indicate that G-CSF-activated neutrophils exert their cytotoxic effect against neuroblastoma cells through Fc gamma RI and not Fc gamma RIII, and that the saturation of the high affinity Fc gamma RI by monomeric IgG can be overcome by the use of bispecific antibodies binding epitopes outside the IgG Fc gamma RI binding site. A combined administration of such bispecific antibodies and G-CSF may be, therefore, an efficient therapeutic approach to trigger tumor lysis by cytotoxic neutrophils in vivo.     

推广规范化的胃癌淋巴结清扫术

胃癌外科治疗的历史始自Ｂｉｌｌｒｏｔｈ１８８１年在维也纳为胃癌患者成功施行世界上第１例胃切除,距今已近１２０ａ．本世纪初,胃癌是癌肿的头号杀手（ｔｈｅｌｅａｄｉｎｇｃａｎｃｅｒｋｉｌｌｅｒ）．最近几十年,全球的胃癌病死率有所下降,但我国农村幅员广阔,农村人口比例高,目前胃癌的病死率仍居各种肿瘤的首位．最近２０ａ～３０ａ,以日本为代表的胃癌的外科治疗已经获得长足的进步．我国胃癌的外科诊治水平也有明显的提高［１］,根治性切除率、早期胃癌比率以及５年生存率均有明显提高,手术死亡率及并发症发生率明显下降…     

不同载荷作用下C（4～5）椎间孔孔径的变化

目的:分析不同载荷对C4～5椎间孔孔径变化的影响。方法:实验于2006-01/2006-05在湘南学院附属医院进行。成人新鲜尸体颈椎标本10具(自愿捐献或家属同意),节段包括C3～T1,剔除肌肉组织,保留椎间盘、韧带和关节囊结构的完整。分别测量椎间盘完整、椎间盘髓核摘除、颈人工椎间盘置换和前路钢板植骨内固定4种状态下,加压速度为5mm/min时,25,50,75,100,125和150N的分级轴向载荷加载于标本时C4～5上下径、上前后径、下前后径以及椎间孔面积的变化。结果:①轴向加载25N时,C4～5椎间孔面积椎间盘髓核摘除标本小于完整椎间盘、颈人工椎间盘置换和前路钢板植骨内固定标本[(57.26±17.65),(65.81±16.83),(75.37±17.75),(66.21±16.50)mm2,P<0.05];颈人工椎间盘置换标本大于颈椎植骨融合钢板内固定标本(P<0.05)。②轴向加载50N时,C4～5椎间孔面积椎间盘髓核摘除标本小于其他3组[(57.13±17.64),(65.72±16.85),(75.35±17.75),(66.11±16.46)mm2,P<0.05];颈人工椎间盘置换标本大于颈椎植骨融合钢板内固定标本(P<0.05)。③轴向加载75N时,上下径:C4～5椎间孔面积椎间盘髓核摘除标本小于其他3组[(55.26±17.66),(64.80±16.85),(73.32±17.74),(65.21±16.48)mm2,P<0.05];颈人工椎间盘置换标本大于颈椎植骨融合钢板内固定标本(P<0.05)。④轴向加载100N时,上下径:C4～5椎间孔面积椎间盘髓核摘除标本小于其他3组[(53.22±17.66),(63.81±16.83),(71.35±17.76),(65.27±16.46)mm2,P<0.05]。⑤轴向加载125N时,C4～5椎间孔面积椎间盘髓核摘除标本小于其他3组[(51.25±17.64),(62.82±16.83),(69.25±17.74),(65.25±16.43)mm2,P<0.05]。⑥椎间孔面积:轴向加载150N时,C4～5椎间孔面积椎间盘髓核摘除标本小于其他3组[(49.16±17.65),(61.84±16.86),(67.15±17.73),(65.24±16.42)mm2,P<0.05]结论:颈椎间盘髓核摘除后C4～5椎间孔有效空间明显减少。     

人羊膜间充质细胞具有分化成软骨及成骨细胞的潜能

目的:人羊膜间充质细胞具有比骨髓间充质干细胞更强的扩增能力和免疫原性低等优势。建立体外适宜的诱导培养条件,观察人羊膜间充质细胞定向分化为软骨细胞和成骨细胞的能力。方法:实验于2005-09/2006-12在贵州省细胞工程重点实验室完成。①材料来源:经产妇知情同意,无菌采集健康足月分娩新生儿胎盘6份,实验经医院医学伦理委员会批准。②实验方法:采用机械法剥离羊膜组织,二步酶消化法分离收获人羊膜间充质细胞,按2.2×10~8L~(-1)密度接种,传至第1～2代用于诱导分化实验。向软骨细胞诱导分化时,人羊膜间充质细胞按3×10~8L~(-1)密度接种,诱导培养液为含体积分数0.01的胎牛血清、10 mg/L转化生长因β1、100 nmol/L地塞米松、50 mg/L抗坏血酸、1%培养基添加物。向成骨细胞诱导分化时,人羊膜间充质细胞按6×10~7L~(-1)密度接种,诱导培养液为含体积分数0.1的胎牛血清、100 nmol/L地塞米松、50 mg/L抗坏血酸、5 mmol/Lβ-甘油磷酸。③实验评估:原代细胞用流式细胞仪分析表型,免疫细胞化学染色进行波形蛋白表达鉴定。分别于体外诱导第7,14,21,28天采用免疫细胞化学法检测软骨特异性Ⅱ型胶原的表达,细胞化学法检测蛋白聚糖的表达,钙-钴法检测成骨细胞特异性碱性磷酸酶的表达,茜素红S检测钙盐沉积情况。结果:①免疫组化与表型特征:人羊膜间充质细胞高表达间充质干细胞表面标志CD29、CD44和间充质细胞标志波形蛋白。②向软骨细胞诱导分化:诱导14 d后,人羊膜间充质细胞由长梭型逐渐变为多角形,可检测到Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达及软骨细胞特异性细胞外基质蛋白聚糖。③向成骨细胞诱导分化:诱导21 d后,可观察到人羊膜间充质细胞的胞浆内有碱性磷酸酶表达,且可见钙盐沉积。结论:人羊膜间充质细胞具有分化成软骨细胞和成骨细胞的特性,可作为骨及软骨组织工程种子细胞的新来源。     

Splenectomy in myeloid metaplasia

Between 1960 and 1977, 50 patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia were splenectomized. Twenty-five of 26 patients with painful splenomegaly, 4 of 9 patients with refractory hemolytic anemia, 4 of 10 patients with refractory thrombocytopenia, and 4 of 4 patients with portal hypertension showed significant benefit from the procedure. There were five immediate postoperative deaths. Four of these deaths occurred early in our series of splectomies for myeloid metaplasia before 1970. Only one death has occurred in the last 21 patients operated on. Survival following splenectomy averaged 25.5 mo.     

Brassiere wearing and breast cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM: To evaluate existing evidence for the association between different type of brassiere exposures and the risk of breast cancer. METHODS: Ovid Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Data Base of Systematic Reviews, Pubmed, Scopus, Proquest, Sciencedirect, Wiley Online Library, WanFang Data, Hong Kong Index to Chinese Periodicals, China Journal Net, Chinese Medical Current Contents, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China Academic Journals Full-Text database, Taiwan Electronic Periodical Services and HyRead; reference lists of published studies; original research studies published in English or Chinese examining the association between type and duration of brassiere-wearing and breast cancer risk. Data were abstracted by a first reviewer and verified by a second. Study quality was rated according to predefined criteria. “Fair” or “good” quality studies were included. Results were summarised by meta-analysis whenever adequate material was available. RESULTS: Twelve case-control studies were included in the review. Meta-analysis showed brassiere wearing during sleep was associated with a two times of increased odds. CONCLUSION: The present review demonstrates insufficient evidence to establish a positive association between the duration and type of brassiere wearing and breast cancer. Further research is essential; specifically, a large-scale epidemiological study of a better design is needed to examine the association between various forms of brassiere exposure in detail and breast cancer risk, with adequate control of confounding variables.     

Radiation-induced red cell damage: role of reactive oxygen species

BACKGROUND: Cellular blood components are irradiated to prevent graft- versus-host disease in transfusion recipients at risk for this syndrome. Because gamma radiation can result in the production of reactive oxygen species, the role of reactive oxygen species was investigated in radiation-induced red cell damage. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Whole blood from normal donors was exposed to various doses of t-butyl hydroperoxide (0-1 mM) and/or to gamma-radiation (0-50 Gy). Oxidative damage was assessed by the extent of lipid peroxidation (measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]) and hemoglobin oxidation. Fresh blood was divided into three parts-one initially irradiated and stored, another stored with portions irradiated weekly, and a third stored without irradiation. TBARS and hemoglobin oxidation were measured weekly. RESULTS: As expected, t- butyl hydroperoxide induced TBARS formation and hemoglobin oxidation in a dose-dependent fashion. The gamma-radiation not only increased hemoglobin oxidation and TBARS formation, but also enhanced the t-butyl hydroperoxide effect on red cells. Red cell storage increased TBARS generation and hemoglobin oxidation in a time-dependent fashion. When radiation was administered either initially or after weekly storage, TBARS production and hemoglobin oxidation were increased over that measured in unirradiated paired controls. CONCLUSION: Gamma radiation at clinically used doses increases lipid peroxidation and hemoglobin oxidation in human red cells. The effect of gamma-radiation is accentuated by blood storage and induces damage independent of time of storage.     

Sumatriptan - Nonresponders: A Survey in 366 Migraine Patients

Sumatriptan, notably after subcutaneous administration, is highly effective in the acute treatment of migraine in the majority of patients. The response is consistent within patients and over time. To determine risk factors for nonresponse to sumatriptan, we compared clinical characteristics. In responders and nonresponders and, within patients, between attacks with and without response. We found no differences at the strict level of significance (P<0.001 because of multiple comparisons), but only tendencies for differences (0.001相似文献