Calcium and phosphorus retention in the preterm infant during total parenteral nutrition. A comparative randomised study between organic and inorganic phosphate as a source of phosphorus

The preterm infant fed parenterally is prone to some demineralisation due in part to insufficient Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) retention. In an attempt to augment Ca and P retention, we prepared a standardised parenteral solution containing calcium gluconate and glucose-1-phosphate (Phocytan) as source of phosphorus, yielding a daily supply of 75 mg/kg Ca and 45 mg/kg P. 28 very low birthweight infants were randomly assigned to receive either this solution (high Ca P ; n = 15) or a conventional formulation containing calcium gluconate and potassium mono- and dibasic phosphate delivering 42 mg/kg Ca and 36 mg/kg P daily (low Ca P ; n = 13). In the high Ca P daily retention was respectively 80% and 99% for Ca and P whereas in the low Ca P group, retention was 70% and 82%. Serum parathormone levels were significantly lower in the high Ca P group. We conclude that parenteral nutrition with a new high Ca P supplement results in an augmented Ca and P retention in very low birthweight infants. This may help to prevent neonatal bone demineralization.     

Assessing future trends in indoor air quality

Several national and international health organizations have derived concentration levels below which adverse effects on men are not expected or levels below which the excess risk for individuals is less than a specified value. For every priority pollutant indoor concentrations below this limit are considered "healthy." The percentage of Dutch homes exceeding such a limit is taken as a measure of indoor air quality for that component. The present and future indoor air quality of the Dutch housing stock is described for fourteen air pollutants. The highest percentages are scored by radon, environmental tobacco smoke, nitrogen dioxide from unvented combustion, and the potential presence of housedust mite and mould allergen in damp houses. Although the trend for all priority pollutants is downward the most serious ones remain high in the coming decades if no additional measures will be instituted.     

Familial occurrence of gastric cancer in the 2-year experience of a population-based registry

The authors studied the familial occurrence of tumors in 154 individuals with gastric cancer by reviewing the clinical data and the genealogical tree of all patients registered in 1986 through 1987 in the Local Health Care District of Modena, Italy, for cancer of the stomach. Crude and age-adjusted (world population) incidence rates of gastric cancer were 34.0 and 21.4 new cases/100,000/year, respectively, in men, and 24.5 and 10.9 in women, respectively. Among first-degree relatives of the registered patients there were 30 cases of gastric carcinoma versus 15 cases in a control group matched for age and sex (Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio [M-H OR] 3.14, P less than 0.01). This excess of gastric neoplasms was observed in siblings (17 versus 7, M-H OR 4.33, P less than 0.02) but not in parents (13 versus 8, not significant). Besides gastric cancer, there was no significant excess of other type of tumors in case families. The familial occurrence of gastric cancer tended to be more frequent in patients with "diffuse" carcinoma (52%) than in subjects with "intestinal" cancer (33%), although the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the current investigation suggests that a "family history" for gastric neoplasms is usually observed in approximately 10% to 15% of the registered cases. As already described for other common malignancies, therefore, the familial occurrence of gastric carcinoma suggests the existence of a genetic susceptibility to cancer of the stomach, at least in a fraction of these patients.     

Endoscopic cordectomy. a proposal for a classification by the Working Committee, European Laryngological Society

The European Laryngological Society is proposing a classification of different laryngeal endoscopic cordectomies in order to ensure better definitions of postoperative results. We chose to keep the word “cordectomy” even for partial resections because it is the term most often used in the surgical literature. The classification comprises eight types of cordectomies: a subepithelial cordectomy (type I), which is resection of the epithelium; a subligamental cordectomy (type II), which is a resection of the epithelium, Reinke’s space and vocal ligament; transmuscular cordectomy (type III), which proceeds through the vocalis muscle; total cordectomy (type IV); extended cordectomy, which encompasses the contralateral vocal fold and the anterior commissure (type Va); extended cordectomy, which includes the arytenoid (type Vb); extended cordectomy, which encompasses the subglottis (type Vc); and extended cordectomy, which includes the ventricle (type Vd). Indications for performing those cordectomies may vary from surgeon to surgeon. The operations are classified according to the surgical approach used and the degree of resection in order to facilitate use of the classification in daily practice. Each surgical procedure ensures that a specimen is available for histopathological examination. Received: 29 December 1998 / Accepted: 2 July 1999     

Fluid intake of elderly Europeans

Dehydration is a common fluid disorder which occurs in residents, hospitalised and community-dwelling elderly people. In this study the intake of water and fluids of community-dwelling elderly Europeans is presented in relation to risk factors of dehydration: mental state, ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL), medicine use and body composition. As part of the SENECA-study of 1993, data were collected from a random age-stratified sample (birth cohorts 1913-1918) of inhabitants of small traditional towns in Europe. Food intake data were collected by using the dietary history method. The study population consisted of 629 men and 696 women of the following towns: Hamme/Belgium, Roskilde/Denmark, Haguenau/France, Romans/France, Padua/Italy, Culemborg/the Netherlands, Lisbon/Portugal, Yverdon/Switzerland, Marki/Poland and Ballymoney-Limavady-Portstewart/Northern Ireland/United Kingdom. Fluid intake of elderly people varied between the towns of Europe and between men and women. A high percentage of the female population had a water intake below the cut-off value of 1,700 g. In most towns about 70 percent of daily water intake came from the food groups 'Milk products', 'Alcoholic drinks', 'Juices' and 'Other non-alcoholic drinks'. The consumption of 'Other non-alcoholic drinks' contributed most to daily fluid intake. In the total female population, women with the lowest water intake (first tertile) scored negatively on factors influencing fluid intake (mental state, ADL) in comparison to women of the second and third tertile. However, in the distinct towns no unequivocal relationship emerged between those factors and fluid intake. Yet, women were found to be at higher risk of dehydration because of much lower water intakes than men and because of the overall relationship between a low fluid intake and a poor mental state and ADL problems.