Layer-by-layer assembled polyaniline/carbon nanomaterial-coated cellulosic aerogel electrodes for high-capacitance supercapacitor applications

Traditional layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled electrodes are mostly multilayer composites formed on two-dimensional membrane materials. In this case, the electroactive material cannot enter the interior of the substrate. With porous aerogels as the substrate, the LbL assembly of the electroactive material into the three-dimensional aerogel skeleton can be realised, greatly improving the utilisation and the electrochemical performance of the electroactive material. To create a promising aerogel electrode for high-performance energy storage devices, we herein report an aerogel based on wood pulp fibre (WPF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), for use as a porous substrate for LbL assembly of nanostructural polyaniline (PANI) and graphene oxide (GO) or carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CMCNT). Owing to the uniformly distributed multilayer nanoarchitecture, interpenetrating channels, and hydrophilic character of the cellulosic aerogel substrate, the produced electrodes of (PANI/CMCNT)₁₀ and (PANI/CMCNT)₁₀ both display high specific capacitances, favourable capacitance retention, good cycling stabilities, and structural flexibility. In the three-electrode test, their gravimetric specific capacitances are as high as 716.62 and 636.63 F g⁻¹, respectively. In addition, the assembled symmetric supercapacitors show good areal specific capacitances (1.95 and 1.49 F cm⁻²) in addition to high areal specific energies (168.64 and 113.57 mW h cm⁻², respectively). These results demonstrate that the integration of the LbL-assembled electroactive materials and porous cellulosic aerogel substrate can be a promising strategy to design high-efficiency green energy storage devices.

Cellulosic aerogel was used as a porous lightweight substrate to layer-by-layer assembly polyaniline and carbon nanomaterials for high capacitance supercapacitor applications.     

广东省大学生性知识、性观念、性行为现状及性别差异

目的：分析广东省大学生性知识、性观念、性行为的现状及其性别特征,为加强大学生性教育提供依据。方法采用自编问卷对广东省整群抽样的12所高校928名大学生进行调查。结果性知识：大学生性知识知晓率低,问题回答平均正确率仅为37．34％;性观念：对于性是人的基本需求、有爱就可以有性、性幻想性梦、自慰行为、婚前性行为这些思想与行为方面,大学生的总体认同度为67．35％、35．24％、56．90％、52．26％、58．04％;男女生接受程度差异均达显著水平（χ2＝7．89、48．46、189．30、32．44、27．35,P ＜0．01）;性行为：大学生异性性行为与同性性行为发生率分别为8．08％与1．51％,男生异性性行为发生率远高于女生（χ2＝52．08,P ＜0．01）,同性性行为间性别差异无统计学意义（χ2＝4．82,P ＞0．05）;避孕套使用率低,经常使用的人仅占29．03％,女生的使用率显著低于男生（χ2＝12．08,P ＜0．01）。结论大学生在性行为、性观念、性知识方面存在很多问题,需要进一步的加强和引导,并重视性别差异。     

血小板microRNAs在先天性心脏病患儿中输血导致的血小板激活作用研究

目的本研究拟通过检测血浆中的几种血小板micro RNAs来观察输血对先天性心脏病患儿血小板活性的影响,以进一步明确输血导致缺血性并发症的相关机制,为临床合理用血提供参考。方法 2013年10月至2014年6月,选择本院100例拟行先天性心脏病矫治术的患儿作为研究对象,输血组和未输血组各50名。输血组将患儿静脉血1.8 ml与0.5 ml同型贮存红细胞悬液混合,30 min后检测各项指标。采用流式细胞仪检测血小板表面P-选择素的表达水平以及血小板微粒(PMP)的含量。光密度比浊法检测两组患儿ADP诱导下血小板的聚集功能。运用Taqman探针实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测血浆血小板来源的mi R-223、mi R-24、mi R-126、mi R-191的水平。进一步比较未输血组患儿中,非紫绀型亚组与紫绀型亚组间血小板活性、聚集功能及上述几种micro RNAs的表达有无差异。结果两组患儿输血前血红蛋白(Hb)水平无组间差异(P>0.05),输血组加入0.5 ml贮存红细胞悬液后,Hb较之前升高(23±6)g/L。输血组较未输血组,血小板表面P-选择素的表达水平、PMP的含量以及血小板聚集功能均明显增高(P<0.05)。输血组血浆血小板来源的几种micro RNAs含量较未输血组明显升高(P<0.05),以mi R-223的差异性最为显著。未输血组中,紫绀型亚组血小板激活程度较非紫绀型亚组明显增高,血小板聚集功能明显降低,几种micro RNAs的表达均较高(P<0.05)。结论输血可引起血浆中血小板来源的micro RNAs表达增高,尤其是mi R-223,可作为研究不同疾病状态下血小板活性的指标。为减少输血相关不良反应,临床输血应严格掌握用血指征。     

医保相关投诉原因分析及对策

目的了解医保相关投诉的原因,针对性改进,防范于未然。方法对2011年~2013年的287例医保相关投诉登记资料进行分析,数据录入Excel表格进行归类。结果医保相关投诉原因有:患者理解医保政策有误,科室制度与医保政策不衔接,新政策更新快但医院宣传滞后,知情同意落实不到位,医保政策解读口径不一致等。结论医院应从做好医保政策准确对接、落实培训、重视患者知情权、医保政策解读口径一致、与医保中心保持良好沟通等方面着手,构建医、保、患三方和谐关系,快速适应我国"全民医保"新形势。     

江苏省江滩地区感染性钉螺动态观察

目的 掌握江苏省江滩地区感染性钉螺(以下简称阳性钉螺)的现状分布和消长规律，为控制成批急性血吸虫感染(以下简称急感)的发生提供科学依据。方法以县(市、区)为单位，随机抽检5—10个有螺滩，每滩采样5—10个点，每点捕捉钉螺50--100只，然后由专业人员采用解剖镜检法检测钉螺的自然感染情况，同时对查出的阳性钉螺滩块及螺点即时进行药物杀灭。结果 5年共检测沿江有螺滩467个(条块)，捕捉钉螺169 200只，检出阳性螺滩(条块)102个和阳性钉螺433只，覆盖于12个县(市、区)，已占全省沿江县(市、区)的75．0％(12／16)。结论 经连续5年的观察，江滩阳性钉螺面积和阳性钉螺的螺口数呈逐年增长态势，存在着发生成批急感的潜在威胁。因此，加强江滩和通江河道的治理，提高阳性滩地的灭螺覆盖率和灭螺质量以及反复查治江滩散养畜牧的是今后工作的关键。     

Placental trophoblast-derived factors diminish endothelial barrier function

Although increased vascular permeability is an important event in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, the origin of the circulating factor(s) that elicits this endothelial barrier dysfunction is not known. In this study, we use coculture of endothelial cells and placental trophoblast cells to determine whether placental trophoblasts are a potential source of the factor(s) that mediate the increased vascular permeability of preeclampsia. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells grown in Transwell inserts or on coverslips were cocultured with trophoblast cells isolated from normal and preeclamptic placentas or placenta conditioned media. Endothelial cell barrier function was determined by: 1). measurements of electrical resistance and leakage of horseradish peroxidase, and 2). immunofluorescent staining of vascular endothelial-cadherin, pan-cadherin, and occludin. Uterine myometrium endothelial cells were also studied for comparison. We observed the following: 1). electrical resistance was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased (compared with control endothelial cells) in endothelial cell monolayers cocultured with normal trophoblast cells and further reduced in endothelial cells cocultured with preeclamptic trophoblast cells; 2). an increased horseradish peroxidase leakage that was correlated with the decreased electrical resistance in cocultured cells; and 3). disorganized tight junction proteins and an altered distribution of vascular endothelial-cadherin and occludin in monolayers of endothelial cells cocultured with preeclamptic trophoblast cells. Similar responses were noted in uterine myometrium endothelial cells. We conclude that: 1). placental trophoblast cells produce factors that diminish the barrier function of endothelial cells; 2). endothelial tight junctions are more susceptible to factors released from preeclamptic trophoblast cells than from normal trophoblast cells; and 3). these results implicate trophoblast-derived factors in the increased vascular permeability associated with preeclampsia.     

Changes in Plant-Based Diet Indices and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women and Men: Three U.S. Prospective Cohorts

OBJECTIVEWe evaluated the associations between changes in plant-based diets and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe prospectively followed 76,530 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) (1986–2012), 81,569 women in NHS II (1991–2017), and 34,468 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986–2016). Adherence to plant-based diets was assessed every 4 years with the overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful PDI (hPDI), and unhealthful PDI (uPDI). We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs). We pooled results of the three cohorts using meta-analysis.RESULTSWe documented 12,627 cases of type 2 diabetes during 2,955,350 person-years of follow-up. After adjustment for initial BMI and initial and 4-year changes in alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, and other factors, compared with participants whose indices remained relatively stable (±3%), participants with the largest decrease (>10%) in PDI and hPDI over 4 years had a 12–23% higher diabetes risk in the subsequent 4 years (pooled HR, PDI 1.12 [95% CI 1.05, 1.20], hPDI 1.23 [1.16, 1.31]). Each 10% increment in PDI and hPDI over 4 years was associated with a 7–9% lower risk (PDI 0.93 [0.91, 0.95], hPDI 0.91 [0.87, 0.95]). Changes in uPDI were not associated with diabetes risk. Weight changes accounted for 6.0–35.6% of the associations between changes in PDI and hPDI and diabetes risk.CONCLUSIONSImproving adherence to overall and healthful plant-based diets was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, whereas decreased adherence to such diets was associated with a higher risk.     

Augmentation of fear extinction by theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in humans

BackgroundFear extinction alone does not erase the original fear memory. Interventions that enhance extinction can be beneficial for the treatment of fear-related disorders. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to improve memory performance. The present study examined the effects of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) on fear extinction and the return of fear memory in humans.MethodsNinety-one young healthy volunteers underwent 3 experiments using a randomized controlled experimental design. Participants first acquired fear conditioning, after which they received 30 Hz iTBS before and after extinction training. The iTBS was applied to 1 of 2 targets: the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the vertex (control). Fear responses were measured 24 hours later and 1 month later.ResultsDuring the spontaneous recovery and reinstatement tests, iTBS of the left dlPFC before and after extinction significantly reduced fear response, whereas iTBS of the vertex had no effect on fear memory performance. This combined approach had a relatively long-lasting effect (i.e., at least 1 month).LimitationsWe did not explore the effect of iTBS of the dlPFC on the expression of fear without extinction training. The neural mechanisms of iTBS with fear extinction to inhibit the fear response are unclear. Our results are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution.ConclusionThe present results showed that 30 Hz iTBS of the left dlPFC enhanced retention of fear extinction. Our study introduces a new intervention for fear memory and suggests that the left dlPFC may be a treatment target for fear-related disorders.