Mild cognitive impairment in adult: A neuropsychological review

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia. This is clinically relevant overt dementia can be prevented if treatment strategies are devised for MCI. Neuropsychological deficits in this condition are very common and are important clinically for treatment and outcomes. We aimed to review various neuropsychological deficits in MCI. Further, we have presented the current evidence for nosological status, neuroanatomical basis, and clinical outcome of this heterogeneous construct. All published papers on the topic of neuropsychological deficits in MCI on Medline and other databases were reviewed. A wide range of memory and executive function deficits are common in MCI patients. However, several studies are limited by either improper designs or inadequate sample sizes. Several neuropsychological impairments like memory function and executive functions can be diagnosed in MCI. The evidence base for the exact neuroanatomical basis of MCI is not robust yet. However, given the wide range of outcomes, controversies and debates exist regarding the nosological significance of the deficits. Hence, more studies are needed to specifically locate the impairments and further delineate the construct of MCI.     

Cobalt/nitrogen codoped carbon nanosheets derived from catkins as a high performance non-noble metal electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction

Novel energy devices which are capable of alleviating and/or solving the energy dilemma such as overall water splitting and fuel cells require the development of highly efficient catalysts, especially cheap high performance non-precious metal (NPM) catalysts. Here, we prepare highly efficient NPM catalysts of cobalt and nitrogen codoped carbon nanosheets (Co/N–CNSs) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using harmful environment-polluting waste of biomass catkins as carbon precursors via a mild mechanical exfoliation and chemical process which is facile, low-cost, environmentally friendly and up-scalable. Compared with a commercial platinum-based catalyst (commercial 20% Pt/C), the Co/N–CNS electrocatalysts show outstanding ORR activity, acceptable HER activity and long term stability with an onset potential of 0.92 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE) and a half-wave potential of 0.83 V vs. the RHE in alkaline electrolytes. The excellent performance is closely related to the presence of abundant CoN_x active sites. This work offers a novel and effective approach for preparing highly efficient ORR and HER NPM electrocatalysts from waste biomass materials.

We prepare highly efficient NPM catalysts of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped carbon nanosheets for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions using catkin biomass.     

短期运动干预方案对外科2型糖尿病住院患者术前血糖影响的初步研究

 目的 初步探讨短期运动干预方案对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)住院患者外科术前血糖的影响。方法 选择2017-08至2018-06解放军总医院第三医学中心收治的合并T2DM拟实施手术的住院患者45例,采用随机数字表法分为中强度间歇运动组、低强度持续运动组及对照组,每组15例。对运动组患者进行为期3~5 d不同强度和方式的运动干预;相同条件下对照组患者仅实施术前基础护理和常规宣教。随即通过生化检查和动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)评估干预前后3组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后血糖(PPG)、空腹胰岛素(Fins)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),以及稳态模型胰岛素敏感指数自然对数(lnIS)以观察患者短期内血糖管控情况。结果 (1)运动组患者经过3 d运动干预后,中强度运动组血糖整体达标率高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);运动组的血糖指标中除FPG外,其余各项均低于对照组(P＜0.05);其中中强度间歇运动较低强度持续运动在患者PPG改善方面效果更为显著(P＜0.05)。(2)运动干预方案实施5 d后,低强度持续运动组患者血糖指标中PPG指标低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);中强度间歇运动组患者除FPG外,其余各项血糖指标较对照组均发生显著变化,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 短期运动干预方案对2型糖尿病术前血糖调控有积极作用。     

睡眠质量对老年髋关节置换术后谵妄的影响

目的分析行髋关节置换术老年患者术前睡眠质量与术后谵妄之间联系。 方法回顾性收集在我院进行髋关节置换术的90例老年患者,男性46例、女性44例,年龄60~78岁,平均（72±5）岁。其治疗时间均在2018年1月至2019年1月之间,手术前采取匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表对每位患者进行评估,依据患者睡眠情况将其分成睡眠正常组（n=43,睡眠指数<5分）,睡眠障碍组（n=47,睡眠指数≥5分）。每组均使用罗库溴铵、舒芬太尼以及丙泊酚诱导麻醉。分别记录每组麻醉时间、手术时间、观察时间以及手术后住院天数。比较手术后1~5 d内NRS得分、QoR-40得分以及术后谵妄出现次数。 结果90例患者均获得完整随访,随访率100.00%,随访时间6~18个月,平均（12.3±1.2）个月。睡眠障碍组在麻醉时间、手术时间、观察时间以及手术后住院天数方面均高于睡眠正常组（P<0.05）;睡眠障碍组手术后1~5 d NRS得分为（3.4±1.1）分、（3.2±1.0）分、（2.7±0.8）分、（2.1±0.6）分、（1.8±0.5）分,均高于睡眠正常组[（2.7±1.3）分、（2.5±1.0）分、（2.2±0.9）分、（1.8±0.7）分、（1.5±0.6）分,P<0.05];睡眠障碍组手术后1~5 d QoR-40得分为（146.1±6.2）分、（149.5±6.3）分、（154.2±6.7）分、（158.5±4.1）分、（162.1±5.2）分,均低于睡眠正常组[（149.2±5.1）分、（152.3±5.1）分、（158.3±5.5）分、（161.2±5.2）分、（165.6±4.1）分,P<0.05）];睡眠障碍组与睡眠正常组手术后1~5 d谵妄总出现率分别是34.04%（16/47）、13.95%（6/47）（P<0.05）。 结论手术前存在睡眠障碍会使患者术后谵妄出现几率上升,并且延长术后住院时间,不利于患者术后机体恢复,需对患者术前睡眠情况予以重视。     

胫骨后Pilon骨折AGH分型指导个体化治疗的临床疗效分析

目的：探讨胫骨后Pilon骨折分型指导个体化治疗的临床疗效。 方法：回顾性研究分析我院自2017年3月至2020年4月收治入院手术的诊断为胫骨后Pilon骨折的19例患者的临床资料,其中男性9人,女性10人;年龄24-67岁,平均年龄49.89岁;受伤机制：行走跌倒14例,交通伤4例,重物砸伤 1例;所有患者行CT检查,根据CT检查分型后采用不同的手术入路和内固定方法。术后采用Burwell-Charnley放射学标准评价踝关节面的复位情况,同时采用AOFAS踝关节评分和疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）评价患者踝关节功能恢复情况。 结果：19例患者术后获12-24个月（平均15.79月）随访,根据Bruwell-Charnley评价标准评估术后踝关节面复位质量：13例优,6例可。术后一年AOFAS评分平均为85.95分,VAS评分平均为1.11分。 结论：胫骨后Pilon骨折根据受伤机制骨折类型多样,结合CT及AGH分型指导胫骨后Pilon骨折分型及个体化治疗后临床疗效满意。     

海藻生物胶体外抗炎作用的实验研究

目的探讨海藻生物胶用于体外抗炎的作用效果。方法采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验、角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀实验及小鼠棉球肉芽肿增生实验探索海藻生物胶的抗炎作用。设立模型对照组,阳性对照组和海藻生物胶高、中、低剂量组,喷涂患处,每天1次,连续7 d。结果海藻生物胶显著抑制小鼠耳廓肿胀,与模型对照组相比,海藻生物胶高、中、低剂量组均显著抑制小鼠耳廓肿胀(P<0.05);与阳性对照组相比,海藻生物胶高剂量组显著抑制小鼠耳廓肿胀(P<0.05),海藻生物胶在不同给药时间均抑制角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀(P﹤0.05)。与模型对照组相比,海藻生物胶可抑制棉球诱发所致小鼠炎症的肉芽增生作用(P<0.05);与阳性对照组相比,海藻生物胶高剂量组也可抑制小鼠棉球肉芽肿增生。结论海藻生物胶具有体外抗炎的作用。     

生殖衰老过程中抑郁症状的4年随访发生率及影响因素研究

目的 前瞻性观察女性生殖衰老过程中抑郁症状的4年累积发生率,探讨其与生殖衰老阶段、血清激素水平变化及绝经相关症状的相关性.方法 便利抽样北京市西城区228名30～54岁未绝经、且符合STRAW+ 10分期纳入标准的健康、无抑郁症状女性,随访4年,内容包括一般人口学特征、血清FSH和E2水平、抑郁及绝经相关症状及月经情况.主要评估工具包括:医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)、绝经生活质量问卷(MENQOL)和月经日记记录表.结果 抑郁症状4年累积发生率22.4％,绝经过渡期的持续期发生比例最高.条件logistic回归显示:血清FSH水平升高(OR=1.10,P=0.008),血管舒缩症状(OR=3.54,P=0.033)和躯体症状得分(OR=5.89,P=0.032)增加与抑郁症状的发生密切相关;但未发现血清E2水平变化和性问题症状对抑郁症状有显著影响(P＞0.05).结论 绝经过渡持续阶段抑郁高发.躯体症状、血管舒缩症状和以FSH水平升高为标志的垂体-卵巢轴功能改变可能是影响生殖衰老阶段抑郁症状发生的重要原因.     

Bbt-TNFR1 and Bbt-TNFR2, two tumor necrosis factor receptors from Chinese amphioxus involve in host defense

Two novel tumor necrosis factor receptors, Bbt-TNFR1 and Bbt-TNFR2, were isolated from Chinese amphioxus, the closest relative to vertebrate. The mRNA of Bbt-TNFR1 encoded a type I membrane protein of 452 amino acids, including four cysteine-rich domains in the extracellular region and a putative TRAF6-binding site at its 154aa long cytoplasmic tail. Bbt-TNFR2 was a 304aa long type I membrane protein, featuring three cysteine-rich domains and a short cytoplasmic tail of just 13 amino acids. Southern blot revealed that Bbt-TNFR1 was a single copy gene, while Bbt-TNFR2 was presented in multiple copies. Sequence comparison indicated that both Bbt-TNFR1 and Bbt-TNFR2 were weakly similar to LT-bR, HVEM, TNFR2, CD40, OX40 and DcR3. Real-time PCR showed that Bbt-TNFR1 and Bbt-TNFR2 were regulated during development and finally had high expression in mucosa-rich tissues in adult stage. Furthermore, up-regulated expression of both genes was also observed in guts after Gram-positive bacteria challenge. However, not like Bbt-TNFR2's slowly and gradually augmentation in the following 48 h, expression of Bbt-TNFR1 dramatically surged up within 4 h and then subsided rapidly. Taking together, Bbt-TNFR1 and Bbt-TNFR2 may involve in the host defense of Chinese amphioxus via distinct fashions.     

硫酸核糖霉素分子式中硫酸数目的确定及控制方法的比较

目的：为了确定硫酸核糖霉素分子式中硫酸的数目,并选择适合的方法控制其硫酸盐的含量。方法：建立了高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法（HPLC-ELSD）对硫酸核糖霉素的硫酸盐（SO4）含量进行测定,并开发出了同样适用的离子色谱电导法（HPIC-CD）进行结果比对。同时采用《中国药典》方法测定硫酸核糖霉素的酸碱度。结果：HPLC-ELSD法,硫酸盐（SO4）在15～250 μg·mL-1范围内线性良好,检测限和定量限分别为0.16 μg和0.25 μg,回收率为101.1%;HPIC-CD法,硫酸盐（SO4）在20～180 μg·mL-1范围内线性良好,检测限和定量限分别为0.17 ng和0.50 ng,回收率为99.8%。结论：两种硫酸盐测定方法,专属性强,灵敏度高,重复性好,测定结果无显著性差异,分子式中硫酸的数目约为1.5,进一步发现,硫酸盐含量和溶液pH值呈显著负相关,并具有一定的线性关系,酸碱度检查可以控制硫酸盐的含量。