全文获取类型
收费全文 | 623357篇 |
免费 | 42783篇 |
国内免费 | 3904篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 7885篇 |
儿科学 | 14581篇 |
妇产科学 | 14564篇 |
基础医学 | 85219篇 |
口腔科学 | 16280篇 |
临床医学 | 54854篇 |
内科学 | 130154篇 |
皮肤病学 | 11857篇 |
神经病学 | 51044篇 |
特种医学 | 22121篇 |
外国民族医学 | 93篇 |
外科学 | 98003篇 |
综合类 | 13360篇 |
现状与发展 | 1篇 |
一般理论 | 381篇 |
预防医学 | 38480篇 |
眼科学 | 15738篇 |
药学 | 47637篇 |
6篇 | |
中国医学 | 2547篇 |
肿瘤学 | 45239篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 7862篇 |
2020年 | 4811篇 |
2019年 | 7875篇 |
2018年 | 10293篇 |
2017年 | 7796篇 |
2016年 | 8332篇 |
2015年 | 9712篇 |
2014年 | 14032篇 |
2013年 | 18896篇 |
2012年 | 27532篇 |
2011年 | 28642篇 |
2010年 | 16521篇 |
2009年 | 15021篇 |
2008年 | 25668篇 |
2007年 | 27361篇 |
2006年 | 27147篇 |
2005年 | 26204篇 |
2004年 | 24663篇 |
2003年 | 23245篇 |
2002年 | 21948篇 |
2001年 | 30326篇 |
2000年 | 30329篇 |
1999年 | 25912篇 |
1998年 | 8162篇 |
1997年 | 6755篇 |
1996年 | 5977篇 |
1995年 | 5534篇 |
1994年 | 4816篇 |
1993年 | 4375篇 |
1992年 | 17267篇 |
1991年 | 15924篇 |
1990年 | 15120篇 |
1989年 | 14911篇 |
1988年 | 13523篇 |
1987年 | 12979篇 |
1986年 | 12034篇 |
1985年 | 11253篇 |
1984年 | 8108篇 |
1983年 | 6703篇 |
1982年 | 4060篇 |
1981年 | 3520篇 |
1980年 | 3159篇 |
1979年 | 6169篇 |
1978年 | 4076篇 |
1977年 | 3599篇 |
1975年 | 3103篇 |
1974年 | 3532篇 |
1973年 | 3262篇 |
1972年 | 3168篇 |
1971年 | 3042篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 468 毫秒
981.
Laparoscopic repair/peritoneal toilet of perforated duodenal ulcer 总被引:13,自引:6,他引:7
Summary Laparoscopic techniques have been refined to the point where exposure, haemostasis and tissue approximation by suture approach those obtained at open access surgery. We report a patient with acute perforation of an ulcer in the first part of the duodenum who was successfully treated by laparoscopic oversewing and omental patching. The clinical indications for contemplating use of laparoscopic surgery for acute ulcer perforation, techniques employed and the areas for potential improvement of instruments, needles and sutures are discussed. 相似文献
982.
H Iwasaki J G Collins Y Saito T Omote A Namiki 《Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology》1990,39(10):1372-1376
Activation of an endogenous opioid system has been associated with an elevation in pain threshold during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period in rats. It is well established that endogenous opiates are involved in the physiological regulation on prolactin secretion. This study examined the influence of lactation on pregnancy-induced analgesia during the early postpartum period in rats. Three tests (colorectal distension, tail-flick and hot-plate) were used to assess each animal's response to painful stimuli. After determining pregnant baseline values, one group of rats (lactating, n = 21) were mated and retested on Day 7 and 21 of gestation and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after parturition. A non-lactating group of animals (n = 14) whose pups were removed immediately after delivery was tested in the same manner. On Day 21 of gestation significantly higher thresholds and longer latencies were observed. On Day 1 and 3 in both lactating and non-lactating rats, the values were still elevated. No significant difference was observed during the early postpartum period between the two groups. This study confirms the existence, in rats, of pregnancy-induced analgesia late in pregnancy and the early postpartum period. The analgesia during the early postpartum period is not influenced by lactation. 相似文献
983.
A typical case of nanophthalmos with uveal effusion syndrome is reported. Clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects of uveal effusion syndrome are discussed. A surgical treatment consisting of lamellar sclerectomies is proposed. 相似文献
984.
N. Inotsume M. Nishimura M. Nakano S. Fujiyama K. Sagara T. Sato K. Matsushita Y. Imai H. Matsui 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》1990,38(3):313-314
Summary The effect of haemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of oral famotidine has been studied in five elderly anuric patients. Famotidine 20 mg was administered in a cross-over design to patients on and not on haemodialysis.The elimination rate constant of haemodialysis (k) was 4.6-fold larger than the systemic elimination rate constant (ke). Although the mean maximum serum concentration of famotidine during haemodialysis (141.5 ng·ml–1) was not significantly lower than that without haemodialysis (195.6 ng·ml–1), the AUC up to 5 h during haemodialysis was significantly decreased to 58.1% of the value without it.The data suggest that famotidine is dialysable by haemodialysis. 相似文献
985.
T. Nishikawa H. Kuwahara A. Tsuda M. Tanaka I. Koga Y. Uchida 《Human psychopharmacology》1990,5(4):363-368
Ceruletide, a potent analogue of cholecystokinin, was administered by injection to eight schizophrenics treated with neuroleptics. We examined the dose–response effect on microvibration (MV) recorded from the chin of these patients. After 15 min of bed rest, MV was recorded for 5 min as a control recording. Subsequently, saline or ceruletide, at a dose of either 0.4 m?g/kg or at 0.8 m?g/kg, was injected according to a Latin square design with an interval of 4 weeks for washing out the drug effect and MV was recorded for 30 min. MV data obtained were subjected to the fast Fourier transform and an average power spectrum was computed. A three-way analysis of variance for these data was performed upon dose-effect, time-effect after treatment, and band-effect of the average power spectrum. The present results were similar to previous findings which had revealed effects of ceruletide on tardive dyskinesia symptoms, namely, the effects of ceruletide on MV were different according to the subjects (three cases: facilitation followed by inhibition, three cases: inhibition, two cases: no effects). The dose-response curve of ceruletide appears to be linear in some cases and an inverted U-shape in other cases. Present findings showed small doses of systemically administered ceruletide would modify muscle tonus of schizophrenics under chronic treatment of neuroleptics, and provided further reason for the therapeutic drug of tardive dyskinesia. 相似文献
986.
Gopala K RANGAN Yiping WANG Yuet-Ching TAY Liguang CHEN David CH HARRIS 《Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)》1998,4(1-2):57-64
SUMMARY: The effect of mild acute tubular injury on the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis was studied in pair-fed uninephrectomized male Wistar rats with established adriamycin nephrosis ( n = 34). Rats were stratified into three groups according to endogenous creatinine clearance (CrCl), proteinuria (Upr) and body weight (BW): (i) group 1 (Fe, n = 12) received a single intraperitoneal injection of ferric nitrilotriacetate (5 mg Fe/kg BW); (ii) group 2 (G, n = 10) three daily subcutaneous injections of gentamicin (60 mg/kg BW) and; (iii) group 3 (C, n = 12) saline injections. Serial CrCl (day 2, day 5, weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8) and renal histology (week 8) were examined following administration of nephrotoxin. CrCl was reduced on d2 (Fe: 0.78 ± 0.23 mL/min; mean ± SD) and day 5 (G: 0.91 ± 0.36 mL/min) as compared with C (1.22 ± 0.12 mL/min; P <0.05). There was no change in the serum creatinine and functional recovery occurred by d5 (Fe) and week 2 (G). Upr decreased transiently in G at week 2 (G: 482 ± 208 mg/day vs C: 716 ± 233; P = 0.05) despite similar food intake, baseline Upr and CrCl. At week 8, CrCl in Fe (0.84 ± 0.40 mL/min) was similar to C (0.84 ± 0.58 mL/min), whereas in G it remained stable (1.27 ± 0.39 mL/min; P <0.05). By morphometric analysis, mean relative interstitial volume (RIV) and glomerulosclerosis (GS) in Fe (RIV: 28.5 ± 13.4%; GS: 10.3 ± 12.3%) was no different to C (RIV: 24.5 ± 12.5%; GS: 20.9 ± 20.0%), whereas both parameters were reduced in G (RIV: 14.1 ± 8.1%; GS: 4.0 ± 4.8%; P <0.05). Mild gentamicin nephrotoxicity therefore reduced the progression of adriamycin nephrosis. the mechanism of this finding is unclear, but it may relate to altered glomerular and tubular cell handling of protein. 相似文献
987.
Frances Rudnick Levin Judith M. Hess David A. Gorelick Nancy A. Kreiter Paul J. Fudala 《The American journal on addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions》1993,2(2):109-115
The authors systematically evaluated the frequency patterns of cocaine use in 85 cocaine-dependent outpatients and found four patterns of use: continuous (27%), intermittent patterned (35%), intermittent nonpatterned (25%), and occasional (13%). Few subjects reported consistent cycling between binges and crashes. There were no significant differences in patterns of use associated with gender, race, educational level, route of administration, or recency of heroin use. Continuous users and occasional users were older than intermittent users. Because different contingencies may control patterned vs. nonpatterned cocaine use, pattern of use may have implications for treatment, even in individuals reporting similar amounts of cocaine use. 相似文献
988.
M. Iwasa Y. Maeno H. Inoue H. Koyama R. Matoba 《International journal of legal medicine》1996,109(1):23-28
We examined whether methamphetamine (MAP) induced apoptotic cell death in vivo. Male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with 25 mg MAP/Kg body weight and were sacrificed at 4, 8 and 24 h. As early as 4 h after a single dose of MAP, DNA ladder bands representing DNA fragmentation into multiples of the internucleosomal DNA length of about 180 by were observed by gel electrophoresis in thymic and splenic DNA. DNA from control rats injected with 1 ml physiological saline/Kg body weight showed no ladder band patterns. The proportion of fragmented DNA from the thymus increased in a time-dependent manner up to 8 h and faint ladder band patterns were observed at 24 h, indicating that cell death via apoptosis occurred at an early stage and then apoptotic bodies were scavenged. DNA fragmentation in the thymus and spleen induced with MAP was also confirmed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTPbiotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method in situ. In control thymus samples, stained cells were numerous in the cortex but sparse in the medulla. At the boundary area between the cortex and medulla, stained cells were seen as a layer. In the MAP-treated rats, stained cells were increased and dispersed equally in the cortex and medulla. In control spleen samples, stained cells were numerous in all areas excluding the germinal centers. Cells at the germinal centers were stained intensively in MAP-treated rat spleen. Light microscopical analyses allowed us to identify lymphocytes during the course of apoptotic cell death. Electron microscopic studies showed morphological landmarks for the process of cellular apoptosis in both organs e.g. lymphocytes with chromatin condensed into crescents at the periphery of the nuclei and apoptotic bodies. These results indicate that MAP induced cell death of the thymic and splenic lymphocytes via apoptosis. 相似文献
989.
Trisomy 8 in acute promyelocytic leukaemia: an interphase study by fluorescence in situ hybridization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary. Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is characterized by t(15;17)(q24;q21). Trisomy 8 is the commonest accompanying karyotypic aberration. We investigated 14 APL patients for trisomy 8 using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Conventional cytogenetic analysis showed trisomy 8 in two of nine successfully karyotyped cases. With FISH, a possible third case showing a subclone (1-2-5%) with trisomy 8 was found. The trisomy 8 clone size defined by karyotyping and FISH was concordant in one case and discordant in another, in which trisomy 8 was found in 100% of metaphases but only in 48% of leukaemic prbmyelocytes by FISH. Therefore trisomy 8 was mosaic in all the cases, suggesting that it had arisen from clonal evolution. AU-trans-retinoic acid successfully induced morphologic remission in both cases with trisomy 8. 相似文献
990.
Pre-clinical Cushing's syndrome: an unexpected frequent cause of poor glycaemic control in obese diabetic patients 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Gil Leibowitz Anat Tsur Susan D. Chayen Mohammad Salameh Itamar Raz Erol Cerasi & David J. Gross 《Clinical endocrinology》1996,44(6):717-722
OBJECTIVE Autonomous cortisol secretion without clinical stigmata of Cushing's syndrome (CS) has been recently recognized and termed pre-clinical or sub-clinical CS. The common assumption is that CS is an extremely rare cause of uncontrolled diabetes; however, the prevalence of this entity has not been studied. We assessed the prevalence of pre-clinical CS among obese patients with uncontrolled diabetes. PATIENTS AND DESIGN (1) In a retrospective analysis, the medical records of 63 patients with endogenous CS were reviewed. (2) In a cross-sectional study, 90 obese patients (BMI >25 kg/m2) followed in a University Hospital and the local Health Fund endocrine and diabetes clinics, with poorly controlled diabetes (glycosylated haemoglobin >9%), underwent an overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression. In patients with non-suppressible cortisol levels (>140 nmol/l), Liddle's 2 and 8 mg dexamethasone suppression tests and imaging studies were performed. MEASUREMENTS The prevalence of poorly controlled diabetes, the major presenting symptom of CS, was assessed in the retrospective analysis. The prevalence of ‘true’ CS and the false positive rate in the overnight dexamethasone suppression test were calculated. The endocrine evaluation of the patients with pre-clinical CS and the effects of surgical cure on glycaemic control are described. RESULTS In the retrospective analysis, 11 (17.5%) had diabetes and 2 (3.2%) lacked the classic physical characteristics of the syndrome. In the cross-sectional study, 4 patients failed to suppress plasma cortisol (<140 nmol/l). In one patient the diagnosis of CS was not confirmed by a standard Liddle’s test and was therefore considered false positive. In the other 3, the diagnosis of CS was confirmed (prevalence of 3.3%, 95% confidence interval 1–9%). In all other patients the overnight cortisol suppression test was normal (cortisol level 47.3 ± 2.5 nmol/l (mean ± SEM)). After surgical treatment of CS, glycaemic control was markedly improved in all 5 patients (2 from retrospective and 3 from cross-sectional studies). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of pre-clinical Cushing's syndrome in obese patients with poorly controlled diabetes appears to be considerably higher than previously believed. The overnight dexamethasone suppression test proved to be a simple, sensitive and highly specific screening test for Cushing's syndrome despite the presence of obesity and hyperglycaemia. 相似文献