FreeSurfer-based segmentation of hippocampal subfields: A review of methods and applications,with a novel quality control procedure for ENIGMA studies and other collaborative efforts

Structural hippocampal abnormalities are common in many neurological and psychiatric disorders, and variation in hippocampal measures is related to cognitive performance and other complex phenotypes such as stress sensitivity. Hippocampal subregions are increasingly studied, as automated algorithms have become available for mapping and volume quantification. In the context of the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis Consortium, several Disease Working Groups are using the FreeSurfer software to analyze hippocampal subregion (subfield) volumes in patients with neurological and psychiatric conditions along with data from matched controls. In this overview, we explain the algorithm's principles, summarize measurement reliability studies, and demonstrate two additional aspects (subfield autocorrelation and volume/reliability correlation) with illustrative data. We then explain the rationale for a standardized hippocampal subfield segmentation quality control (QC) procedure for improved pipeline harmonization. To guide researchers to make optimal use of the algorithm, we discuss how global size and age effects can be modeled, how QC steps can be incorporated and how subfields may be aggregated into composite volumes. This discussion is based on a synopsis of 162 published neuroimaging studies (01/2013–12/2019) that applied the FreeSurfer hippocampal subfield segmentation in a broad range of domains including cognition and healthy aging, brain development and neurodegeneration, affective disorders, psychosis, stress regulation, neurotoxicity, epilepsy, inflammatory disease, childhood adversity and posttraumatic stress disorder, and candidate and whole genome (epi-)genetics. Finally, we highlight points where FreeSurfer-based hippocampal subfield studies may be optimized.     

Incremental value of Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score to collateral score for predicting target mismatch in stroke patients with extended time window or unknown onset time

Neurological Sciences - To evaluate whether Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) could provide incremental value to collateral score, and their integration could be an effective...     

Prostatic epithelial cells and their high expressions of CKIP-1 affect the TGF-β1 expression levels which might reduce the scar formation in remodeling stage at prostatic urethral wounds after wound repair

International Urology and Nephrology - There are less scar formations in some wounds after wound repair. Our earlier study had shown that the amount of collagen fibers in canine prostatic urethra...     

Immunosuppressive and metabolic agents that influence allo- and xenograft survival by in vivo expansion of T regulatory cells

The transplanted organs or cells survive if the recipient receives adequate long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy combined with cell-based strategies (eg, regulatory T cell [Treg]-based therapy) promotes graft survival. A combination of Treg-based therapy and minimal or no immunosuppressive drug therapy would have the potential to minimize the risks of the complications and side effects of these drugs. Fortunately, some immunosuppressive and other agents not only impede the effector T cell response, but also help generate new CD4⁺ Tregs from conventional effector T cells. These agents include IL-2, TGF-β, agents that block the CD40/CD40L costimulation pathway, mTOR inhibitors, and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Consequently, a state of relative unresponsiveness to the transplanted organ may be induced through the expansion of Tregs. We here review the effect of these various agents on expansion of CD4⁺ Tregs in allo- and xenotransplantation. The expansion of Tregs might allow a dose reduction of the standard immunosuppressive drugs.     

加速康复外科模式对腹腔镜下胰十二指肠切除术后患者肠道黏膜屏障影响的研究

目的研究加速康复外科(ERAS)模式对腹腔镜下胰十二指肠切除术(LPD)术后患者的肠黏膜屏障功能的影响。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年12月接受LPD术的患者145例,根据干预方案不同分为ERAS组78例及传统组67例。数据采用SPSS 24.0进行统计学分析,术后并发症发生率等计数资料采用χ^2检验;围术期各项指标、肠黏膜屏障功能指标以(±s)表示,独立t检验;P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果ERAS组术后恢复情况均优于传统组,其中首次排气时间、首次进食时间、引流管拔管时间及术后住院时间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术后死亡率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);ERAS组患者胃排空延迟的发生例数(3例,3.8%)明显少于传统组(5例,7.5%)(P<0.05),其余并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者术后肠黏膜屏障功能指标ERAS组患者优于传统组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论加速康复外科能使LPD术获得更好的临床效果,并可促进LPD患者术后肠黏膜屏障功能的恢复。     

新型护理流程在腹股沟疝日间手术患者中的应用

目的探讨新型护理流程在腹股沟疝日间手术患者中的应用。 方法选取2018年6月至2019年6月,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院疝和腹壁外科日间腹股沟疝手术患者224例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为试验组和对照组,每组112例。2组患者均行腹股沟疝修补术,对照组患者采用普通病房日常管理模式,给予常规护理;试验组患者应用新型护理流程。2组术后均随访2～6个月,比较2组患者对护理的满意度、患者对腹股沟疝疾病知识知晓率及护士错误率、工作时间。 结果试验组总满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。试验组患者对疾病知晓率高于对照组,试验组护士错误率低于对照组,试验组护士工作时间明显少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论对日间腹股沟疝手术患者运用新型护理流程进行病房管理,优化了医护人员工作流程,提高护理工作质量,提高了患者对疾病知晓程度,增加了参与感,整体就医感受满意度明显提高。同时护理资源得到有效利用,具有推广的价值。