尿液中利尿剂、丙磺舒、咖啡因、匹莫林的固相提取和HPLC初筛分析

A solid-phase extraction and reversed phase high performance liquidchromatographic method(RP-HPLC) was developed for the rapid determination of 13 diuretics (bel-onging to five different pharmacological groups) ,probenecid, caffeine and pemoline in urine. Two mlurine sample was first adsorbed on a XAD-2 column, then eluted with ether--ethyl acetate(l: 1).The eluate was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in methanol. The methanolic solution wasinjected into a HP LiChrosorb RP-18 column, using phosphate buffer (pH 3) and acetonitrile as the mo-bile phase and monitored at 216 nm, 230 nm, and 275 nm on a diode array ultraviolet detector. Theextraction recoveries of 16 drugs were above 75%. The limits of detection ranged from 0. 3～3.0μg/ml of urine. All drugs were separately administered to healthy volunteers, positive urine sampleswere collected, and urinary excretion--time curves of some drugs were reported.     

Attributions about cause of illness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective

Patients' beliefs about the causes of their illness have been associated with emotional adjustment and behavioral outcomes in several medical conditions; however, few studies have examined illness attributions among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In the current study, patterns of patients' causal attributions for COPD were identified and examined in relation to health behaviors and symptoms.

Method

Three-hundred and ninety-four patients with COPD and >10 pack year history of smoking completed a self-report questionnaire that included the Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised (IPQ-R).

Results

A factor analysis of the IPQ-R cause items using principal axis factoring yielded four individual items (i.e., smoking, heredity, pollution, and personal behavior) and one large factor that was primarily driven by psychological attributions. Ninety-three percent of patients agreed or strongly agreed that smoking was a cause of their COPD. Higher scores on the large IPQ-R factor were associated with reduced quality of life (r=.25, P<.001) and symptoms of anxiety (r=.33, P<.001) and depression (r=.31, P<.001), indicating that patients who attributed their COPD to psychological factors were more likely to have poorer emotional adjustment and quality of life.

Conclusions

Our finding of one large factor with several stand-alone items is in contrast with previous research that has derived a multifactor structure for the cause items of the IPQ-R in other chronic illness populations. This difference may be due to the importance of smoking, environmental exposures, and heredity in the development of COPD. Future research should expand upon these specific attributions in COPD.     

Frequency and Correlates of Overweight Status in Adolescent Asthma

Background: Debate exists within the literature concerning whether asthma and obesity are linked as comorbid conditions. Further study is required to understand the relationship between asthma and overweight status, and developmental considerations are an important priority area. Objective: The present study addressed gaps in the existing literature by comparing rates of overweight status among a matched sample of adolescents with and without asthma and by examining correlates of overweight status among youth with asthma. Methods: Rates and correlates of overweight status were compared among a matched cohort of 103 adolescents with asthma, 75 adolescents with asthma characterized by history of a severe acute event, and 92 normal controls. Results: Significantly higher rates of overweight status were found among the asthma groups compared to the control group and to population estimates. Significant correlates for overweight status included younger age and earlier age at asthma diagnosis, suggesting that receiving an asthma diagnoses in early childhood may increase the propensity for weight gain. Conclusion: Asthma and obesity are problematic comorbid conditions, and specialized obesity prevention programs may be particularly necessary at the onset of a new asthma diagnosis. Clinical Implications: Identifying and addressing the factors that may contribute to the potential for obesity among youth with asthma are key research and clinical practice priorities.     

Friends,strangers, and bystanders: Informal practices of sexual assault intervention

Sexual assault is a part of many students’ experiences in higher education. In U.S. universities, one in four women and one in ten men report being sexually assaulted before graduation. Bystander training programmes have been shown to modestly reduce campus sexual assault. Like all public health interventions, however, they have unintended social consequences; this research examines how undergraduate men on one campus understand bystander interventions and how those understandings shape their actual practices. We draw on ethnographic data collected between August 2015 and January 2017 at Columbia University and Barnard College. Our findings show that university training and an earnest desire to be responsible lead many men to intervene in possible sexual assaults. However, students’ gendered methods target more socially vulnerable and socially distant men while protecting popular men and those to whom they are socially connected. Students’ actual bystander practices thus reproduce social hierarchies in which low prestige may or may not be connected to actual risks of sexual assault. These results suggest that understanding intragroup dynamics and social hierarchies is essential to assault prevention in universities and that students’ actions as bystanders may be effective at preventing assaults in some circumstances but may lead to new risks of sexual assault.     

盐城市2009-2018年居民全死因死亡与减寿分析

目的 分析2009-2018年10年期间盐城市居民死因及其对寿命的影响等,为制定疾病预防控制措施提供依据。方法 分析2009-2018年盐城市居民死亡资料,计算粗死亡率、标化死亡率、去死因期望寿命和潜在寿命损失年指标。结果 2009-2018年10年盐城市居民平均粗死亡率、标化死亡率分别为661.65/10万、359.41/10万。男女第1位死因为恶性肿瘤（262.91/10万、162.74/10万）、第2位为脑血管病（135.78/10万、148.50/10万）、第3位为呼吸系统疾病（103.68/10万、99.27/10万）、第4位为心脏病（76.52/10万、86.60/10万）、第5位为损伤和中毒（67.80/10万、38.81/10万）。对期望寿命影响最大的是恶性肿瘤和脑血管疾病,去除后寿命分别增加了3.94岁、2.97岁。结论 恶性肿瘤、脑血管疾病、呼吸系统疾病、心脏病、损伤和中毒等慢性疾病是影响健康导致死亡的主要因素。慢性病的预防控制和管理是将来疾控工作的重点,提示要加强慢性病的危险因素调查研究,大力开展健康教育和健康促进工作,从而提高居民的期望寿命和健康水平。     

Translational behavioral research in respiratory medicine

Human behavior can prevent or invite disease and is a major determinant of treatment success. Consequently, many efforts have been directed toward developing interventions to promote behaviors essential to managing or preventing respiratory disease. The process of developing, testing, and disseminating health behavior interventions should closely follow the translational research paradigm. However, most behavioral investigators have failed to adequately apply the translational research paradigm to behavioral research. The final stage of translation, consisting of testing the effectiveness of interventions in broad clinical settings after efficacy has been demonstrated in randomized controlled trials, is too often omitted. Additionally, the important task of understanding why any given health behavior intervention succeeds with some people but fails to change behavior in others is inconsistently pursued and seldom used to develop the robust theories of behavior change needed to improve respiratory health. Bringing health behavior research through the full translational process has the potential to significantly enhance respiratory health with specific behavioral targets, including smoking cessation, obesity prevention, TB control, and adherence to a multitude of respiratory treatments.     

Inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase by fractions Crateva adansonii

ObjectiveTo study the inhibitory effect of various extracts from Crateva adansonii (C. adansonii) used traditionally against several inflammatory diseases such as rheumatism, arthritis, and gout, was investigated on purified bovine milk xanthine oxidase (XO) activity.MethodsXanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was assayed spectrophotometrically and the degree of enzyme inhibition was determined by measuring the increase in absorbance at 295 nm associated with uric acid formation. Enzyme kinetics was carried out using Lineweaver-Burk plots using xanthine as the substrate.ResultsAmong the fractions tested, the chloroform fraction exhibited highest potency (IC₅₀ 20.2±1.6 μg/mL) followed by the petroleum ether (IC₅₀ 30.1±2.2 μg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC₅₀ 43.9±1.4 μg/mL) and residual (IC₅₀ 98.0±3.3 μg/mL) fractions. The IC₅₀ value of allopurinol used, as the standard was 5.7±0.3 μg/mL.ConclusionsEnzyme inhibition mechanism indicated that the mode of inhibition was of a mixed type. Our findings suggest that the therapeutic use of these plants may be due to the observed Xanthine oxidase inhibition, thereby supporting their use in traditional folk medicine against inflammatory-related diseases, in particular, gout.