Characteristics of children with hip displacement in cerebral palsy

Background  

Hip dislocation in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is a common and severe problem. The dislocation can be avoided, by screening and preventive treatment of children with hips at risk. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of children with CP who develop hip displacement, in order to optimise a hip surveillance programme.     

A randomised trial of ultrasonic dissection versus electrocoagulation to reduce lymphatic complications after surgery for recurrent sapheno-femoral incompetence.

OBJECTIVE: Prospectively to compare lymphatic drainage after ultrasonic dissection, an electrocoagulation technique and sharp dissection in the groin during surgery for recurrent sapheno-femoral incompetence. DESIGN: Prospective, randomised study comparing three surgical techniques. METHODS: Thirty-six consecutive patients undergoing surgery for recurrent sapheno-femoral incompetence were randomised. Twelve patients underwent dissection with ultrasound, 12 with electrocoagulation and 12 controls had sharp dissection with ligation of scar and lymphatic tissue using absorbable suture material. RESULTS: The mean drain output per patient was 13.5 ml in the ultrasonic group, 15.4 ml in the electrocoagulation group and 8.3 ml in the suture ligation group. Six minor cases of lymphatic leakage occurred in the ultrasonic group. This resulted in no clinical problem. There were no other significant differences between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is no detectable advantage for the use of ultrasound or electrocoagulation in recurrent saphenous high ligation compared to sharp dissection.     

Cisplatin-5-fluorouracil chemotherapy for advanced inoperable squamous carcinoma of the head and neck

Patients with locally advanced, inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were offered three courses of cisplatin and 96-h 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusion. Subsequent therapy included surgery when feasible, irradiation therapy, and a maintenance program of methotrexate (MTX)-5-FU. Thirty-three patients were evaluated prospectively. Seven patients underwent a single course of chemotherapy. Five patients underwent two courses of chemotherapy. Twenty-one patients underwent three courses of adjuvant chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 48% (16 of 33). Fifteen of 21 patients (76%) receiving three courses of chemotherapy evidenced a response; this included three complete responses (CRs) (9%). No responses were seen in patients receiving only one or two courses of chemotherapy. Among responding patients, the initial favorable response to chemotherapy was apparent after the first course of chemotherapy. Patients who failed to demonstrate any response after two courses of chemotherapy did not respond after a third course. A significant group of patients fail to respond and should be offered participation in other investigational protocols as they become available.     

Poor ventilatory response to mild hypoxia may inhibit acclimatization at moderate altitude in elderly patients after carotid surgery.

Peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid bodies) are the main sensing organs for hypoxaemia. During carotid surgery, the carotic body in the bifurcation of the common carotid artery is often involved and damaged or destroyed. Animals lose their ability to adapt to high altitude after experimental denervation of the carotid bodies. The objective of our study was to evaluate the ability of human patients to adapt to moderate altitude after single side carotid surgery. Blood gas analysis at rest at 171 m and after car and cable car transport to 1600 m before and after carotid surgery was performed. Mean(s.d.) paO2 decreased insignificantly from 74.8(3.56) at 171 m altitude to 71.6(2.07) at 1600 m (P = n.s.), means(s.d.) paCO2 decreased significantly from 36.2(2.86) to 31.4(2.7) mmHg (P < 0.05) before carotid surgery. Months after surgery, a significant drop in paO2 occurred after identical passive exposure to moderate altitude: mean(s.d.) paCO2 at 171 m 74.4(3.65) mmHg, at 1600 m 65.8(3.70) mmHg (P < 0.01), paCO2 did not change significantly. Mean(s.d.) paCO2 at 171 m: 36.0(2.35), at 1600 m 36.2(2.86) mmHg (P = n.s.). Although the sample investigated was small, after single side carotid surgery patients seem to lose their ability for satisfactory ventilatory response to acute exposure to moderate altitude. This is of possible alpine medical importance.     

Digital movement analysis,a new objective method of measuring tardive dyskinesia and drug-induced parkinsonian tremor: acceptability,reliability and validity

Digital movment analysis (DMA) is a new instrumental approach to assessing oral tardive dyskinesia (TD) by means of digital image processing of a video signal, tracking five paper dots placed around the patient's mouth. A total of 40 schizophrenic patients, 30 with and 10 without TD, were examined twice (with a 3-month interval) with this new device. The patients were further examined with two TD rating scales: the St. Hans Rating Scale for extrapyramidal syndromes (SHRS) and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS).The schizophrenic patients accepted the instrumental assessment without any anxiety or resistance. The internal relibility of the apparatus was high, with correlation coefficients of 0.80–0.99. The DMA TD values correlated with the SHRS and AIMS scores with correlation coefficients of 0.48–0.73 indicating an acceptable, although not strong, concurrent validity. Fluctuations occurred from the first to the second examination independent of medication. For these fluctuations no correlation was found between DMA values and rating scores. Finally, the DMA device was able to detect perioral tremor as a sign of parkinsonism.It has been concluded that DMA is a useful supplement to classical TD rating, although further validity evaluation is warranted.     

The synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue rioprostil reduces the nephrotoxic potential of cyclosporine A

Acute CyA nephrotoxicity involves alteration in the proximal tubule and leads to glomerular lesions. Administration of a vasodilatator agent such as the prostaglandin E1 analogue Rioprostil (Bayer AG, BAY 06893) might prevent preglomerular vasoconstriction and hence reduce cyclosporin nephrotoxicity. As an increased excretion of urinary enzymes as a consequence of CyA-nephrotoxicity is well known we investigated in 40 male Wistar rats the excretion of three urinary enzymes: the brush border enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), the leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG). Additionally we determined s-creatinine and CyA plasma level. The kidneys were studied histologically at the end of the study. Wistar rats receiving 20 or 50 mg CyA/kg/d showed a marked deterioration in renal function and an increase of all urinary enzymes determined. In the rats receiving 20 mg CyA/kg/d and Rioprostil (150 micrograms/d) renal function and the enzymes determined remained in the normal range. There was no change in the enzyme excretion and only a minor improvement of renal function in rats receiving 50 mg CyA/kg/d and Rioprostil. Histological findings showed prevention of CyA nephrotoxicity in the 20 mg/kg/d group and diminished renal damage in the 50 mg/kg/d group.     

Single- vs Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Clozapine in Psychiatric Patients

Clozapine plasma levels were monitored in 16 patients during a series of three consecutive treatments (single dose-multiple dose-single dose). Each patient received a single 75-mg dose (3 x 25 mg) with clozapine tablets, and serial plasma samples were collected over 48 hr after the dose. At 48 hr, a multiple-dose regimen was started, consisting of an initial dose escalation period followed by dosing at a constant regimen for at least 6 days. After the last dose, serial plasma samples were again obtained over 72 hr. Drug was then withheld for at least 7 days, a final single 75-mg dose was given, and plasma sampling was repeated. A subset of the patient population (N = 7) was used to test for a food effect during the single-dose treatments. The pharmacokinetic parameters between the initial and the final single dose periods were not significantly different. Similarly, there were no differences within patients when given the dose after fasting (fed 1 hr after dose) or with a meal. In contrast, the terminal elimination rate differed between the single-dose and the multiple-dose treatments (t1/2 m3 = 7.9 hr single dose and 14.2 hr multiple dose) (P less than 0.05) and the dose-normalized area under the plasma concentration/time curves increased 27% with multiple dosing. Since a previous study in patients (Choc et al., Pharm. Res. 4:402-405, 1987) showed dose proportionality of clozapine plasma concentrations during multiple-dose regimens, the present results cannot be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics.     

Tissue distribution, disposition, and metabolism of cyclosporine in rats

Tissue distribution, disposition, and metabolism of 3H-cyclosporine were studied in rats after single and repeated oral doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg and after an iv dose of 3 mg/kg. The oral doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg were dissolved in polyethylene glycol 200/ethanol or in olive oil/Labrafil/ethanol. Absorption from both formulations was slow and incomplete, with peak 3H blood levels at 3-4 hr. Approximately 30% of the radioactive dose was absorbed, which is consistent with oral bioavailability data for cyclosporine. More than 70% of the radioactivity was excreted in feces and up to 15% in urine. Elimination via the bile accounted for 10 and 60% of the oral and iv doses, respectively. Since unchanged cyclosporine predominated in both blood and tissues at early time points, the half-lives of the distribution phases (t 1/2 alpha) of parent drug and of total radioactivity were similar. In blood, kidney, liver, and lymph nodes, t 1/2 alpha of cyclosporine ranged from 6-10 hr. Elimination of radioactivity from the systemic circulation was multiphasic, with a terminal half-life of 20-30 hr. 3H-Cyclosporine was extensively distributed throughout the body, with highest concentrations in liver, kidney, endocrine glands, and adipose tissue. The concentrations of both total radioactivity and parent drug were greater in tissues than in blood, which is consistent with the high lipid solubility of cyclosporine and some of its metabolites. Skin and adipose tissue were the main storage sites for unchanged cyclosporine. Elimination half-lives were slower for most tissues than for blood and increased with multiple dosing. The amount of unchanged drug was negligible in urine and bile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Einsatz von Bone-morphogenetic Protein-7 (BMP-7) in der Behandlung von Pseudarthrosen der oberen und unteren Extremität

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are bone growth factors, which regulate bone formation during fetal development and bone repair after injury in postfetal life. Since 1992 BMP-7 has been produced by recombinant technique (rhBMP-7). Numerous animal models and clinical trials have shown that rhBMP-7 can induce de novo bone formation in segmental defects of bones and in cases of nonunion. Since 2001 rhBMP-7 has been approved for treatment of tibial nonunion in Europe. The effect of rhBMP-7 is comparable to the clinical and radiological results achieved with bone autografts. The problem of donor site morbidity (which occurs in up to 20% of all cases) is eliminated by the use of BMP-7. Long-term results and experience in clinical practice are not yet available.