Ultrasound of soft tissue abnormalities of the extremities

Ultrasound may be the preferred initial diagnostic modality for the painful swollen extremity, the palpable extremity mass, and the injured extremity. The role of ultrasound in extremity soft tissue abnormalities, including muscle hemorrhage and injury, inflammatory processes, and soft tissue neoplasms, is the subject of this review.     

Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of human pineal gland,and pineal parenchymal tumors

We have studied 20 pineal parenchymal tumors (PPT) and 4 normal or cystic pineal glands both by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry with antibodies against glial markers [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and protein S-100] or neural/neuroendocrine markers [neurofilaments (NF), synaptophysin and chromogranin A]. Light microscopy revealed the cellular organization of pinealocytes in the normal gland and in different morphological types of pineal tumors (typical pineocytomas, PPT with intermediate differentiation, mixed PPT exhibiting elements of both pineocytoma and pineoblastoma and pineoblastomas). Immunohistochemistry showed the presence of GFAP and protein S-100 in interstitial cells in nonneoplastic pineal gland. Cell processes were labeled with anti-synaptophysin and anti-NF antibodies. No immunoreactivity was found for chromogranin A in non-neoplastic pineal gland. In pineocytomas, GFAP and protein S-100 were observed in interstitial cells. Synaptophysin and NF were present in the large rosettes of pineocytomas. Synaptophysin, NF and chromogranin A were present in pineocytomas with a lobular arrangement of cells. Anti-chromogranin A immuno-reactivity was also seen in lobular areas of some PPT with intermediate differentiation. Analysis of normal human pineal gland by electron microscopy showed the presence of vesicle-crowned rodlets (VCR or synaptic ribbons), fibrous filaments (F), paired twisted filaments but few dense-core vesicles (DCV) in normal pinealocytes. Tumoral pineal cells appeared to differentiate either towards a neurosensory pathway characterized by the presence of sensory cells elements (VCR and F), or towards a neuroendocrine pathway, with the occurrence of many DCV. Immunogold labeling demonstrated the presence of chromogranin A in neurosecretory granules.Supported by grants from the Région Rhône Alpes and from INSERM (CJF 90-10)     

Value of AgNOR counts in cervical pathology.

Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were counted on normal tissue, condylomata, CIN 1, 2 and 3, to verify the possibility of a differentiation between the various grades of CIN and between them and condylomata. Counts were performed on the full thickness of the tissue, layer by layer (stratified counts). A significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between the mean of normal tissue in relation to condylomata and CIN 2 and 3 and between CIN 1, and CIN 2 and 3. There was no significance (p > 0.05) between normal tissue and CIN 1, between CIN 2 and 3 and between condylomata and CIN 2 and 3. The range of variations in the counts was associated with overlapping between the various cases. Our data showed also a progressive rise in mean NOR values from normal tissue to CIN 3. The stratified counts showed in all the groups a rise from basal to parabasal cells. Counts on parabasal and intermediate layers distinguished two groups of cases. In one there was either the same number of dots or a further rise while in the other a definite decrease was seen. The former pattern may be related to a potential for malignant evolution of the lesion. NORs should be counted in all cases of CIN and condylomata to treat more aggressively those lesions which present the patterns of a progressive rise of NORs from basal to intermediate cells.     

Hereditary prolidase deficiency in 2 sisters with therapy-resistant leg ulcers

Two sisters with hereditary prolidase deficiency are presented. Recurrent and painful leg ulcers are the predominant feature.     

Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during brain maturation in children and adolescents.

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied by SPECT using 133Xe in 42 children, aged 2 days to 19 years, considered as neurologically normal. rCBF was measured on cortical regions and on the cerebellum and thalamus. Curves for reference values and standard deviation were defined for each region. At birth, cortical rCBFs were lower than those for adults; after birth they increased until 5 or 6 yr of age to values 50%-85% higher than those for adults and thereafter decreased, reaching adult levels between 15 and 19 yr. Neonatal values of rCBF on cerebellum and thalamus were slightly higher than adult level, but not significantly; after age 1, they followed the common pattern for cortical curves. When rCBFs were expressed in percent global CBF, they were lower at birth than adult levels in the cortex, then increased and reached a plateau corresponding to the adult value before the second year of age. The time needed to reach normal adult values differed for each cortical region. The shortest time was found on the primary cortex and the longest on the associative cortex. Cognitive development of the child seems to be related to changes in blood flow of the corresponding brain regions.     

Increase in the isolation-induced social behavioural deficit by agonists at 5-HT1A receptors

The effect of 5-HT1A agonists was studied in the isolation-induced social behavioural deficit test. The drugs 8-OH-DPAT (0.125 mg/kg), buspirone (16 mg/kg) and ipsapirone (8 mg/kg) further increased the deficit. Unlike 8-OH-DPAT, the other two drugs may act non-specifically since they reduced spontaneous motor activity at 16 mg/kg, as measured in an activity meter. In addition, 8-OH-DPAT (0.25 mg/kg), buspirone (8 mg/kg) and ipsapirone (8 mg/kg) decreased exploratory activity in the open-field test. Since the smallest active doses were very close in the behavioural deficit and in the open-field tests, it is suggested that a common phenomenon, increased emotionality or reactivity, sustained both these reductions in activity. The increase in the behavioural deficit induced by 8-OH-DPAT, was likely to have resulted from stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors, since it was impaired by pretreatment with penbutolol, a beta-adrenergic-blocking drug, also known to bind to 5-HT1 receptors. Since it was previously shown that the behavioural deficit was reduced by agonists at 5-HT1B receptors, it is proposed that the behavioural inhibition, resulting from an isolation-induced increase in reactivity is bi-directionally modulated by serotonergic drugs, where 5-HT1A agonists increase and 5-HT1B agonists decrease this inhibition.     

Regimen-related toxicity in patients undergoing BMT with total body irradiation using a sweeping beam technique.

In our institution, total body irradiation (TBI) is performed by means of a sweeping beam technique. Toxicity of the procedure was evaluated according to the only grading system designed for high dose chemoradiotherapy. One hundred patients undergoing TBI and conditioned with a standard cyclophosphamide regimen before BMT were evaluated. Regimen-related toxicity was graded according to the Seattle transplantation toxicity system, from 0 to IV (fatal toxicity), in eight organs on days 0, 7, 14, 28 and 100 for lungs. Eighteen patients did not develop any toxicity. Grades III, IV toxicities were uncommon (9%) and were not influenced by dose of TBI, GVHD prophylaxis, disease status and allogenicity although no grade IV toxicity was observed among autologous marrow recipients. However, grade II toxicity was more common in patients receiving allogeneic vs autologous grafts (p < 0.01) because of increased mucosal (p = 0.002) and liver (p = 0.12) toxicities. Renal toxicity was unevaluable. When cumulative toxicity was equal or higher than 4, day 100 survival was worse (p = 0.05). These data confirm the safety of our TBI procedure and the validity of the grading system except for renal toxicity. We suggest that a more aggressive conditioning regimen may be tolerated by patients receiving autologous grafts.     

Brain macrophages synthesize interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 mRNAs in vitro

Amoeboid microglial cells (brain macrophages) were purified from early post-natal mouse brain cultures. The percentage of cells stained with an anti-Mac-1 antibody was greater than 95%. Stimulation of these brain macrophages by lipopolysaccharides induced the synthesis of interleukin-1 (IL-1), which, in part, remained associated with the cell surface and, in part, was released into the culture medium. In contrast, pure primary astrocyte cultures and cell lines of transformed or immortalised astrocytes did not synthesise significant amounts of IL-1, demonstrating that amoeboid microglia and not astrocytes synthesise IL-1 in vitro. These physiological data were confirmed by RNA hybridisation studies showing that, on LPS treatment, brain macrophages synthesise significant amounts of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta mRNAs.     

Hereditary colorectal cancer: observations of a family study]

Described in Switzerland in the early '60, the major features of hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndrome (HNPCCS) were established 20 years ago by H. T. Lynch. HNPCCS accounts for at least 60% of the colon cancer etiology. Cancer family syndrome is defined by the presence of extracolonic primary tumors in addition to colon cancer. Both syndromes are transmitted by an autosomic dominant pattern. None of the known biomarkers are specific and/or sensitive enough to rely on their predictive values of patient's risks. A typical Swiss family was investigated on the basis of the cancer-prone family history. 21% of the family members observed over 5 generations presented one or more (30% of the cases) colo-rectal neoplasms at the age of 50. 55% of the tumors were right sided. Histologically, half of the tumors were mucinous. 30% of metachronous cancer appeared within 10 years. Polyps (1-3) and flat adenomas were associated to the lesion in 57%. Extra-colonic tumors appeared in 18% of family members and in half of the colon cancer patients. The sites of these tumors were the urinary tract, ovary, small bowel, breast and stomach. Two fibroblast strains of affected individuals were established. No increased tetraploidy was noted. Preliminary results suggest that this two strains are rather sensitive to ionising radiation. Often neglected, family history of colon cancer remains the major diagnostic and decision-making tool of a such syndrome. It will necessitate special treatment of affected subjects and early screening of the relatives.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)