Factors linked to disease severity and time to remission in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria

Biomarkers useful for the evaluation and management of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) are not currently available. A review of various clinical and laboratory markers that have been studied to assess their value for determining the severity or predicting the evolution of disease in adult patients with CSU was carried out. A search of the medical literature on PubMed and MEDLINE including the terms urticaria, chronic urticaria, chronic idiopathic urticaria, CSU, severity, prognosis and treatment was performed. Based on our review of the literature, among the clinical markers studied, higher age at onset, being female, long disease duration and aspirin/NSAID hypersensitivity may be linked to both severe CSU and a long time to spontaneous remission. In addition, a positive autologous serum skin test (ASST) may be associated with severe CSU, and comorbidity of inducible urticaria and concomitant recurrent angio‐oedema may be linked to longer CSU duration. Potential biomarkers of CSU severity and/or duration include basophil numbers and susceptibility to activation, inflammatory markers, markers of activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, immunoglobulin E and vitamin D. Although the described markers are promising, further studies on representative and well‐characterized patient populations are needed to determine the value of these clinical and biological markers for predicting the severity and course of disease in patients with CSU.     

Heart remodeling produced by aortic stenosis promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis mediated by collagen V imbalance

Cardiac remodeling (CR) is a structural change of the heart due to chronic hemodynamic overload related to changes in both myocyte and extracellular matrix (ECM). We investigated that the imbalance of collagen V promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis that contributes to heart failure and cell death. Aortic stenosis was induced surgically and male Wistar rats were randomized to 18 weeks (Sham 18?w, n?=?12; AoS 18?w, n?=?12) and severe of heart failure (Sham HF, n?=?12; AoS HF, n?=?12) groups. Functional and structural echocardiogram, immunohistochemistry for Ki-67, TUNEL assay and Immunofluorescence for collagen were performed. Our main results were: (1) Progressive reduction of cardiac functional capacity due to cardiac remodeling with decreased eject fraction in heart failure; (2) Imbalance of collagen deposition with increased, crowded and irregular collagen I in situ expression; (3) Dysregulation of dynamic control of collagen fibers with exposed epitopes of collagen V; (4) Additional apoptosis that are dependent to cardiac injury. The collagen V expression in cardiac remodeling is for the first time described and may be related to additional apoptosis and autoimmune response. Our findings suggest a critical role of collagen V in cardiac remodeling to modulate and promote heart failure and death.     

Accuracy of direct examination and culture as compared to the anatomopathological examination for the diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis: a systematic review

BackgroundChromoblastomycosis is a skin infection caused by dematiaceous fungi that take the form of muriform cells in the tissue. It mainly manifests as verrucous plaques on the lower limbs of rural workers in tropical countries.ObjectivesThe primary objective of this review is to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic methods for the identification of chromoblastomycosis, considering the histopathological examination as the reference test.MethodsMEDLINE, LILACS and Scielo databases were consulted using the terms “chromoblastomycosis” AND “diagnosis”. The eligibility criteria were: studies that evaluated the accuracy of tests for the diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis. Eleven studies were selected. Statistical analysis included the calculation of sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic methods.ResultsConsidering the histopathological examination as the reference test, the culture showed a sensitivity (S) of 37.5% - 90.9% and a specificity (Sp) of 100%; while direct mycological examination showed S = 50% - 91.6% and Sp of 100% . Considering the culture as the reference test, the serology (precipitation techniques) showed S of 36% - 99%; and Sp of 80% - 100%; while the intradermal test showed S of 83.3% - 100% and Sp of 99.4% - 100%.Study limitationsThe small number of studies and very discrepant sensitivity results among them do not allow the calculation of summary measures through a meta-analysis.ConclusionsDirect mycological examination, culture, intradermal test and serology show sensitivity and specificity values ??for the diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis with no significant difference between the studies.     

Apoptosis in eosinophilic nasal polyps treated in vitro with Mitomycin C

The etiopathogenesis of eosinophilic nasal polyps is yet to be explained. Eosinophils are key components in the inflammatory infiltrate and are related to the perpetuation of the inflammatory process in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.ObjectiveThis paper aims to evaluate the in vitro action of mitomycin upon the apoptotic index of nasal polyps.Materials and MethodsThis is a self-paired prospective experimental study using biopsy fragments from 15 patients with eosinophilic nasal polyps. Biopsy fragments were divided into two groups. In the case group, the fragments were treated with 400 µg/ml of mitomycin for five minutes. The control group fragments were treated with culture medium. The pair of fragments contained in the two first compartments - control and case - were immediately sent to the histopathologist. The other pair of samples containing control and case fragments was incubated for 12 hours. The fragments were then taken to the histopathologist for testing. The apoptotic index was determined by the morphometry in hematoxylin and eosin staining and DNA fragmentation analysis (TUNEL reaction).ResultsThe comparison between the two groups showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0,001) in the apoptotic index of the 12-hour incubated cultures.ConclusionMitomycin acts in vitro upon the eosinophilic nasal polyps inducing the rise of the eosinophilic apoptotic index.