Das Verhalten der endexspiratorischen Atemgasdrucke,der O2-Aufnahme und CO2-Abgabe nach einfacher Apnoe im Wasser,an Land und apnoeischem Tauchen

Zusammenfassung Um zu untersuchen, wie ein Tauch- oder Atemanhalte-manöver den Sauerstoffverbrauch und die CO₂-Abgabe des Menschen beeinflußt, hielten 6 männliche Versuchspersonen 30, 60, 90, 120 und 165 sec ruhig an der Wasseroberfläche und an Land liegend den Atem an. In einer Vergleichsserie tauchten sie in 80 cm Tiefe gleich lange.Nach der Apnoe wurden der endexspiratorischeP _{O 2} undP _{CO 2}, und die Sauerstoffaufnahme und die CO₂-Abgabe pro Atemzug mit Hilfe eines Massenspektrometers und eines Pneumotachographen ermittelt.Es zeigte sich, daß die Sauerstoffschuld, die während der Apnoe eingegangen wird, beim Atemanhalten im Wasser bis zu 29%, an Land bis zu 38% unter der O₂-Schuld lag, die zu erwarten wäre, wenn die gemessene Ruheaufnahme angehalten hätte. Beim Tauchen sank die O₂-Schuld bis etwa 28% unter die erwartete Schuld. Der endexspiratorischeP _{O a} in der ersten Exspiration fiel mit Zunahme der Apnoezeit ab, lag jedoch bei gleich langen Apnoezeiten nach Tauchen signifikant unter dem Wert nach Atemanhalten.Die CO₂-Abgabe nach der Apnoe entsprach bis zu einer Apnoezeit von 90 sec etwa der in der Apnoe gebildeten Menge. Bei längeren Apnoezeiten trat eine deutliche CO₂-Retention ein. Beim Atemanhalten wurde bis zu 60% weniger CO₂ abgegeben als zu erwarten war.Der endexspiratorischeP _{CO 2} im ersten Exspirationsgas lag unabhängig von der Apnoezeit ziemlich konstant bei 45 mm Hg, die CO₂-Abgabe in der ersten Exspiration konstant bei etwa 150 ml ohne wesentlichen Unterschied zwischen Tauchen und Atemanhalten.     

CrELISA: a fast and robust enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay bypassing the need for purification of recombinant protein

A multitude of antigens has been recently identified by screening of cDNA expression libraries derived from human tumors with autologous sera. Using a phage autoantibody assay and small panels of sera derived from cancer patients or controls it has been shown that some of these antigens display cancer-associated autoantibody responses. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of these potentially cancer-related autoantibodies remains unclear until large-scale assays are developed and serological data are available for hundreds of cancer patients and controls. The major bottleneck for the development of large-scale assays are the cloning, expression and the purification of each of the respective antigens. Due to these limitations and despite the potential clinical relevance large-scale autoantibody tests are established for only a few of these tumor antigens. Here we describe an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Crude lysate ELISA (CrELISA), suitable for antigens identified by expression screening based on crude lysates of antigen-expressing bacteria. This assay permits sensitive and specific autoantibody seroscreening without the need of laborious and time-consuming cloning, expression and purification of recombinant proteins. CrELISA is robust and provides a versatile high throughput procedure for the rapid evaluation of multiple antigens in large-scale serology.     

Quantitative Analysis of Mycobacterial and Propionibacterial DNA in Lymph Nodes of Japanese and European Patients with Sarcoidosis

The cause(s) of sarcoidosis is unknown. Mycobacterium spp. are suspected in Europe and Propionibacterium spp. are suspected in Japan. The present international collaboration evaluated the possible etiological links between sarcoidosis and the suspected bacterial species. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections of biopsy samples of lymph nodes, one from each of 108 patients with sarcoidosis and 65 patients with tuberculosis, together with 86 control samples, were collected from two institutes in Japan and three institutes in Italy, Germany, and England. Genomes of Propionibacterium acnes, Propionibacterium granulosum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and Escherichia coli (as the control) were counted by quantitative real-time PCR. Either P. acnes or P. granulosum was found in all but two of the sarcoid samples. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was found in no sarcoid sample. M. tuberculosis was found in 0 to 9% of the sarcoid samples but in 65 to 100% of the tuberculosis samples. In sarcoid lymph nodes, the total numbers of genomes of P. acnes or P. granulosum were far more than those of M. tuberculosis. P. acnes or P. granulosum was found in 0 to 60% of the tuberculosis and control samples, but the total numbers of genomes of P. acnes or P. granulosum in such samples were less than those in sarcoid samples. Propionibacterium spp. are more likely than Mycobacteria spp. to be involved in the etiology of sarcoidosis, not only in Japanese but also in European patients with sarcoidosis.     

Up-regulation of cathepsin X in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and gastric cancer

Recently, we identified increased cathepsin X expression in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Here, we describe further up-regulation in gastric cancer and report on the role of inflammatory cytokines required for cathepsin X up-regulation in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa, as well as on consequences for cellular invasion. Biopsy specimens were taken from the antrum, corpus and cardia of H. pylori-infected and non-infected patients. Gastric cancer samples were obtained from patients undergoing gastric surgery. Cathepsin X was detected in gastric mucosa by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Induction of cathepsin X expression in epithelial and inflammatory cells caused by H. pylori infection was tested in in vitro contact and non-contact co-cultures of AGS cells and monocytic cells. Patients with H. pylori gastritis showed significantly higher cathepsin X mRNA (2.5-fold) and protein (1.6-fold) expression than H. pylori-negative patients. Cathepsin X was also up-regulated in gastric cancer (3-12-fold) compared to non-neoplastic mucosa. Cathepsin X was predominantly expressed by macrophages in the mucosal stroma and in glands of the antral mucosa. In addition, tumour cells stained for cathepsin X in 26 (68%) patients with gastric carcinoma. In general, staining was significantly more common (20 vs. 6 patients) and more intense (3.55 vs. 0.83) in intestinal type gastric cancer than in the diffuse type. In vitro cell culture experiments revealed that intercellular signalling between pathogenicity island (PAI)-positive H. pylori-infected epithelial cells and macrophages via soluble factors in the culture medium seems to be responsible for increased expression of cathepsin X in monocytes. Using antisense oligonucleotides, cathepsin X up-regulation was directly associated with higher invasiveness in vitro. Although no correlation of cathepsin X expression and TNM stage was found, our study demonstrates that cathepsin X plays a role not only in the chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa but also in the tumourigenesis of gastric cancer.     

Penicilloyl peptides are recognized as T cell antigenic determinants in penicillin allergy

Although hapten immune responses have been intensively studied in the mouse, very little is known about hapten determinants involved in human allergic reactions. Penicillins, as chemically reactive compounds of low molecular weight, constitute typical examples of hapten allergens for humans. Penicillins become immunogenic only after covalent binding to carrier proteins and in this form frequently induce IgE-mediated allergic reactions in patients subjected to antibiotic treatment. However, our previous data strongly indicated that penicillins also form part of the epitopes contacting the antigen receptors of beta lactam-specific T cells in allergic individuals. We have therefore investigated the molecular constraints involved in the T cell immune response to penicillin G (Pen G). Designer peptides containing a DRB1*0401-binding motif and covalently modified with Pen G via a lysine σ-amino group were found to induce proliferation of Pen G-specific T cell clones. A precise positioning of the hapten molecule on the peptide backbone was required for optimal T cell recognition. Furthermore, we extended these observations from our designer peptides to show that a peptide sequence derived from a natural DRB1*1101-binding peptide modified in vitro with Pen G, also acquired antigenic properties. Our data for the first time provide insight into the manner in which allergenic haptens are recognized by human T cells involved in allergic reactions to drugs and suggest possible mechanisms leading to the onset of these adverse immune responses.     

N G-nitro-l-arginine antagonizes endothelium-dependent dilator responses by inhibiting endothelium-derived relaxing factor release in the isolated rabbit heart

The effects of a recently described inhibitor of endothelial NO synthesis, N ^G-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA), on the vasomotor responses to endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilators, and on the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), were studied in the isolated saline-perfused rabbit heart. Infusion of l-NNA (30 M) resulted in a 52±12% increase in basal coronary perfusion pressure. The vasomotor responses to 1 M acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin after l-NNA became biphasic, showing a small transient dilation followed by a pronounced vasoconstriction. In contrast, the dilation observed with sodium nitroprusside was not affected by l-NNA. None of the above-mentioned effects was elicited by the Stereo-isomer d-NNA. Similarly, an increase in the basal coronary perfusion pressure by endothelin-1 (0.3 nM) to the same level as observed with l-NNA did not alter the vasomotor responses to ACh and sodium nitroprusside. The increase in cyclic GMP (cGMP) in platelets passing through the coronary vascular bed was used as an index of EDRF release. Platelet cGMP amounted to 0.50±0.10 pmol/mg protein after passage through the coronary bed of the unstimulated heart. When platelets were injected during an ACh infusion (1 M), a 2.7 fold increase in cGMP was observed (P<0.01). After a 30-min infusion with l-NNA, the cGMP content of platelets passing through the unstimulated heart was reduced by 62%. Likewise, the ACh-induced increase in platelet cGMP was totally blocked. These results show that l-NNA inhibits EDRF release, and is thus a potent and selective inhibitor of EDRF-mediated dilation in the isolated rabbit heart.     

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer into tumor cells induces macrophage infiltration but not tumor suppression

In order to analyze the effect of a high local concentration of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF; CSF-1) on tumor growth, the plasmacytoma cell line J558L was transfected with the human M-CSF gene and injected into syngeneic BALB/c mice. In contrast to the parental tumors, M-CSF transfectants were heavily infiltrated by macrophages as evidenced by immunohistochemistry with antibodies to Mac-1 and Mac-3 and by isolation of the macrophages from the tumor. Nevertheless, tumor growth was only slightly affected by M-CSF and M-CSF-producing cells grew as tumor in all cases. The growth retardation of M-CSF-producing cells varied depending on the experiment and seemed to be due to an indirect effect because the growth rate of the cells in vitro had not changed upon gene transfer. Attempts to activate the tumor-infiltrating macrophages for tumor suppression by systemic application of interferon-γ and/or lipopolysaccharide were not successful. Altogether, our results suggest that M-CSF is a potent chemoattractant for macrophages in vivo but alone is not sufficient to activate these macrophages for tumoricidal activity.