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81.
Transformation of human cells, both induced and spontaneous, is an extremely rare event, whereas rodent cells are relatively easily transformed when treated with a single carcinogenic agent. The present review addresses the question of why human cells are resistant to malignant transformation in vitro. To facilitate understanding of the problem, the process of transformation is divided operationally into two phases, i.e. phase I, immortalization; and phase II, malignant transformation. In human cells, one-phase transformation, i.e., the consecutive occurrence of phases I and II due to the action of a single carcinogenic agent, is observed only rarely. Once human cells are immortalized, however, malignant transformation by chemical carcinogens or oncogenes proceeds, suggesting that for human cells, phase I immortalization is a prerequisite for such transformation to take place. To date, about 20 papers have been published describing protocols for the two-phase transformation of a variety of human epithelial cells and fibroblasts. In most experiments, SV40, human papilloma viruses and their transforming genes are utilized for induction of phase I (immortalization) followed by the use of chemical carcinogens or activated oncogenes for induction of phase II (malignant transformation). Possible mechanisms that would render human cells refractory to transformation are discussed below. 相似文献
82.
H. Nishino Y. Oomura Z. Kardi S. Aou L. Lnrd Y. Kai A. Fukuda C. Ito B.I. Min C.P. Salamant 《Brain research bulletin》1988,20(6):839-845
Single neuron activities in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) were recorded during bar press feeding task in the monkey. First registered neurons were sorted into 2 groups, glucose-sensitive (GS) and glucose-insensitive (GIS) neurons, depending on their glucose sensitivity. Then firing variations to feeding, electrophoretically applied catecholamines and opiate, and to odor and taste stimuli were investigated. GS neurons responded to dopamine, noradrenaline and morphine more often than GIS neurons. In feeding task GS neurons responded during bar press (BP) and reward (RW) periods with long-lasting inhibition of firing and at cue tone (CT) with transient inhibition, while GIS neurons responded during BP and RW periods mainly with excitation and at cue light (CL) with excitation. A majority of GS neurons responded to both odor and taste stimuli more often than GIS neurons. Data suggest that these two kinds of neurons in the LHA may be involved in different functional aspects of feeding: GS neurons, mainly in internal information processing and reward mechanism, and GIS neurons, in external information processing and motor aspects. 相似文献
83.
84.
Toshio Mizutani Ken-ichi Nakamura Mutsuo Enomoto Masuhiro Sakata Shigeo Yamada 《Neuropathology》1998,18(1):80-90
A neuropathological study on 1540 consecutive autopsy brains ranging from 60 to 107 years of age revealed the following points. (1) Of the of the demented cases of the plaque-predominant type, 93% were complicated with multiple tiny cortical infarcts. They showed a tendency for dementia to develop before or after the appearance or worsening of a systemic disorder such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory infection and cancer. However, there was no case showing Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD). (2) The plaque-predominant type might be an extreme condition of brain aging in terms of senile plaques (SP). It is likely that although the pathological appearance of SP alone is not responsible for dementia, its coexistence with multiple cortical infarcts could be the cause of dementia. Therefore, this type should be distinguished from ATD. (3) Primary hippocampal degeneration could also be an extreme condition of brain aging in terms of neurofibrillary tangles. This condition was different pathologically from the hippocampal lesion in ATD. (4) Several characteristics of old-old and oldest-old patients were clarified. 相似文献
85.
Hidemi Kaname Toshio Yoshihara Yuji Yaku Tetsuo Ishii 《Medical Electron Microscopy》1993,26(2):99-104
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the submandibular gland is a rare tumor. In this report, the histological and ultrastructural
features of a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma arising in the left submandibular gland is presented. Light microscopically,
the tumor consisted of well differentiated keratinizing squamous cell nests. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were oval
or spindle-shaped, and several tumor cells had intracytoplasmic desmosome-like structures, resembling intercellular desmosomes.
The majority of the tumor cells contained a large number of intermediate filaments (tonofilaments). Intercellular desmosomes
were well developed. No secretory granules were found. These ultrastructural features may enable us to distinguish primary
squamous cell carcinoma from mucoepidermoid carcinoma which is often misdiagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. 相似文献
86.
Ryozo Oishi Yoshinori Itoh Tamotsu Fukuda Yasunori Araki Kiyomi Saeki 《Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)》1988,73(1):65-69
Summary The size of the neuronal and non-neuronal histamine pools in the brain of three different strains of rats was measured by assuming that the -fluoromethylhistidine-induced maximal decrement of histamine represents the size of the neuronal pool. Although the total histamine levels in the brain showed a considerable interstrain variation, no significant interstrain difference was observed in the neuronal histamine level. These results suggest that the size of the neuronal histamine pool in the brain is relatively stable, whereas the size of the non-neuronal histamine pool is variable. 相似文献
87.
MR imaging of intraspinal tumors—Capability in histological differentiation and compartmentalization of extramedullary tumors 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
K. Takemoto Y. Matsumura H. Hashimoto Y. Inoue T. Fukuda M. Shakudo Y. Nemoto Y. Onoyama T. Yasui A. Hakuba S. Nishimura S. Ban 《Neuroradiology》1988,30(4):303-309
Summary Magnetic resonance (MR) images of 29 consecutive patients with intraspinal neoplasms (9 intramedullary tumors, 20 extramedullary tumors) were reviewed to evaluated the utility of MR imaging in distinguishing the intraspinal compartmental localisation and signal characteristics of each lesion. Compartment and histology of all neoplasms were surgically proven. MR correctly assigned one of three compartments to all lesions, 9 intramedullary, 14 intradural extramedullary (6 schwannomas, 3 neurofibromas, 5 meningiomas), and 6 extradural (3 schwannomas, 1 meningioma, 1 cavernous hemangioma, 1 metastatic renal cell carcinoma). All intramedullary tumors showed swelling of the spinal cord itself. In all five extradural tumors a low intensity band was visualized between the spinal cord and tumor. On the other hand, a low intensity band was demonstrated in no cases with intradural tumors. Visualization of this low intensity band is important in differentiating extradural from intradural-extramedullary lesions. We call this low intensity band, the extradural sign. Signal intensity of intradural tumors varied with histology. In extramedullary tumors, signal intensity of schwannomas was similar to that of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) both on T1 weighted (inversion recovery) and T2 weighted spin echo (SE) images. On the other hand, meningiomas tended to be isointense to the spinal cord on both T1 and T2 weighted SE images. We found relatively reliable signal characteristics to discriminate meningioma from schwannoma. 相似文献
88.
The effect of halothane and enflurane on tracheal tone were studied in 21 patients during the induction of anesthesia. Endotracheal tube cuff pressure was used to measure tracheal tone. Anesthesia, maintained by nitrous oxide 70% in oxygen, was supplimented with succinylcholine drip infusion to immobilize the patient. Ventilation was controlled by a Volume-preset ventilator. In the halothane group, the initial cuff pressure was 14.8 ± 1.3 (mean ± SE) cmH2O but 10min after 0.15mg/kg of pancuronium injection, it increased to 21.7 ± 2.3cmH2O (control). Ten min after inhalation of 0.75% of halothane, cuff pressure decreased to 14.7 ± 2.3cmH2O (34 ± 11% decrease from the control value). In the enflurane group, the initial cuff pressure was 17.6 ± 1.8cmH2O and it increased to 21.0 ± 1.7cmH2O (control) 10min after pancuronium injection. Ten min after 1.7% of enflurane inhalation, cuff pressure decreased to 17.1 ± 2.3cmH2O (23.9 ± 6% decrease from the control value). Halothane and enflurane produced similar tracheal dilatation in healthy individuals.(Yasuda I, Irimada M, Hirano T et al.: Tracheal dilatation by halothane and enflurane in man. J Anesth 2: 46–49, 1988) 相似文献
89.
M Iyo T Yamasaki H Fukuda O Inoue K Suzuki H Shinotoh T Ito H Yonezawa M Nishio A Koseki 《Kaku igaku. The Japanese journal of nuclear medicine》1989,26(2):213-220
The effect of aging on 11C-N-methylspiperone binding to living human striatum was demonstrated using positron emission tomography. The 11 normal volunteers (22 to 72 years old) participated in this study. The uptake of 11C-N-methylspiperone in the brain following intravenous injection was highest in the striatum in individual subject. And the uptake in the striatum only gradually increased until the end of the study. The uptake of 11C-N-methylspiperone in cerebellum peaked within 10 minutes following injection and then rapidly dropped. The association rate constant "k3" was calculated from the slope of the radioactivity-ratio of striatum to cerebellum versus the equivalent time. The equivalent time was calculated from the radioactivity of cerebellum as an input function. The exponential decrease of the k3 value with aging was observed. The k3 value of the youngest subject (22 years old, male) was 0.035/min, while that of the oldest one (72 years old, male) was found to be 0.020/min. These data suggested that the dopaminergic activity through D2 dopamine receptors reduces with aging in human striatum. 相似文献
90.
Rupreht J Shimoji K Fukuda S Erdmann W Denda S 《Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology》1989,1(2):91-95
The effect of nitrous oxide (N2O) on somatosensory evoked potentials from the cortical (CEP) and spinal cord (SCP) regions in response to forepaw stimulation was studied in ketamine-anesthetized and mechanically ventilated rats. The CEP was recorded from the skull over the contralateral somatosensory area; the SCP was recorded from the supraspinous ligament at C57-6 and L1-2 levels of the spine. Rats were exposed to 70% N2O for 5 h, whereupon N2O was withdrawn for 2 h. Thereafter, the rats were re-exposed to N2O for 10 min. The N13-P21 component of the CEP, the slow positive wave (P2) of the segmental SCP, and the heterosegmental positive cord dorsum potential (HSP) were significantly suppressed by N2O, while the large negative (N1) component of the segmental SCP remained unchanged. A partial recovery of the CEP and HSP was observed during the 5 h of N2O anesthesia, while significant recovery of the P2 component of the SCP was not observed. The withdrawal from N2O following 5 h exposure caused an augmentation of the CEP (When compared to the control values). Re-exposure of rats to N2O again caused the suppression of these potentials as in the initial exposure. The results suggest that the phenomenon of tolerance to N2O in terms of evoked potentials develops within 5 h in the brain but not in the spinal cord. 相似文献