湖南省永州市1993—2014年艾滋病疫情特点

目的分析永州市1993—2014年艾滋病疫情特点,为制定人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)/获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)预防和控制策略提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法,对永州市1993—2014年艾滋病疫情进行统计分析。结果永州市1993—2014年累计报告HIV/AIDS病例2 917例,报告病例数逐年上升;男女比例为2.30∶1;20~49岁青壮年占52.04%,≥50岁者占46.76%,近年≥50岁人群所占比例上升明显;感染途径以性传播为主,占88.48%,其中男男同性传播占2.64%。结论永州市要进一步加大艾滋病知识宣传力度,切实落实高危人群行为干预各项措施;将端口下移,扩大检测范围,以有效防控艾滋病的传播与流行。     

H7N9禽流感病毒疫苗及其预防控制

<正>禽流感病毒有6个内部基因来自于H9N2,部分血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)和神经氨酸酶(neuramidinase,NA)基因源自H7N3和H1N9。禽流感病毒能够感染人类,可能与HA和NA基因发生了Q226L和E627K关键位点突变有关,这两个突变被认为是病毒适应人类气道上皮的表现。此外,H7N9具有哺乳动物流感病毒的特性,如HA蛋     

口腔专科医院医务人员手卫生依从性干预效果

目的提高口腔专科医院医务人员的手卫生依从性,有效降低医院感染率。方法依照世界卫生组织推荐的《手卫生指南》及《手卫生实施方案》,制订系统、循序渐进的口腔专科医院手卫生促进方案,分5个步骤进行:全院戒备、基线调查、实施改进、跟踪调查和回顾分析。对比手卫生促进活动前后医务人员的手卫生依从性。结果通过手卫生促进活动,医务人员手卫生知识问卷调查平均得分由之前的58.33分提高至77.40分,提升了32.69%;平均手卫生依从率由24.28%(59/243)上升至49.81%(133/267),差异有统计学意义(χ2=35.331,P=0.000);5个手卫生时刻的手卫生状况也有较大改善。结论手卫生促进活动对口腔专科医院医务人员的手卫生依从性有显著影响。     

藁本内酯对谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用

研究藁本内酯对谷氨酸诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用。采用MTT比色法检测细胞存活率;Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide(PI)双染法流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)检测细胞凋亡率;Fluo-3/AM荧光染色法检测钙离子含量;Western blot法检测线粒体和胞浆中细胞色素C(cytochrome C,Cyt C)及凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax的表达。结果显示,谷氨酸具有细胞毒性,其半数抑制浓度(IC50)为15 mmol·L-1;不同浓度藁本内酯(1、5、15μmol·L-1)预处理可显著提高细胞存活率。与正常对照组相比,谷氨酸单独给药组的细胞凋亡率为13.39%;藁本内酯给药组(1、5、15μmol·L-1)使细胞的凋亡率分别减少到9.06%、6.48%和3.82%。并且藁本内酯可以显著减少谷氨酸所致的钙离子内流,Western blot结果显示,藁本内酯可能通过减少线粒体Cyt C的释放,抑制Caspase-3活性,同时升高Bcl-2/Bax比值来保护谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞凋亡。结果表明,藁本内酯对谷氨酸诱导PC12细胞的凋亡具有保护作用。该保护作用可能与抑制细胞内钙离子内流及阻断Cyt C从线粒体释放入胞浆有关。     

法尼醇X受体与糖脂代谢

法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)属于核受体超家族,研究证明FXR可调控多种代谢通路,除在胆汁酸代谢中发挥重要作用外,FXR激活后参与维持机体糖脂代谢稳态。随着糖脂代谢异常相关疾病发病率的升高,FXR对糖脂代谢的调节越来越引起研究者的重视。FXR激动剂可能成为治疗2型糖尿病和脂代谢紊乱等代谢性疾病的新型药物靶点。     

Combined systems pharmacology and fecal metabonomics to study the biomarkers and therapeutic mechanism of type 2 diabetic nephropathy treated with Astragalus and Leech

In our study, systems pharmacology was used to predict the molecular targets of Astragalus and Leech, and explore the therapeutic mechanism of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) treated with Astragalus and Leech. Simultaneously, to reveal the systemic metabolic changes and biomarkers associated with T2DN, we performed ¹H NMR-based metabonomics and multivariate analysis to analyze fecal samples obtained from model T2DN rats. In addition, ELISA kits and histopathological studies were used to examine biochemical parameters and kidney tissue, respectively. Striking differences in the Pearson''s correlation of 22 biomarkers and 9 biochemical parameters were also observed among control, T2DN and treated rats. Results of systems pharmacology analysis revealed that 9 active compounds (3,9-di-O-methylnissolin; (6aR,11aR)-9,10-dimethoxy-6a,11a-dihydro-6H-benzofurano[3,2-c]chromen-3-ol; hirudin; l-isoleucine; phenylalanine; valine; hirudinoidine A–C) and 9 target proteins (l-serine dehydratase; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase; tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase; tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase; branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase; acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase; isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit; hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase) of Astragalus and Leech were closely associated with the treatment of T2DN. Using fecal metabonomics analysis, 22 biomarkers were eventually found to be closely associated with the occurrence of T2DN. Combined with systems pharmacology and fecal metabonomics, these biomarkers were found to be mainly associated with 6 pathways, involving amino acid metabolism (leucine, valine, isoleucine, alanine, lysine, glutamate, taurine, phenylalanine, tryptophan); energy metabolism (lactate, succinate, creatinine, α-glucose, glycerol); ketone body and fatty acid metabolism (3-hydroxybutyrate, acetate, n-butyrate, propionate); methylamine metabolism (dimethylamine, trimethylamine); and secondary bile acid metabolism and urea cycle (deoxycholate, citrulline). The underlying mechanisms of action included protection of the liver and kidney, enhancement of insulin sensitivity and antioxidant activity, and improvement of mitochondrial function. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that systems pharmacology combined with fecal metabonomics has been used to study T2DN. 6 metabolites (n-butyrate, deoxycholate, propionate, tryptophan, taurine and glycerol) associated with T2DN were newly discovered in fecal samples. These 6 metabolites were mainly derived from the intestinal flora, and related to amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and secondary bile acid metabolism. We hope the results of this study could be inspirational and helpful for further exploration of T2DN treatment. Meanwhile, our results highlighted that exploring the biomarkers of T2DN and therapeutic mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formulas on T2DN by combining systems pharmacology and fecal metabonomics methods was a promising strategy.

In our study, systems pharmacology was used to predict the molecular targets of Astragalus and Leech, and explore the therapeutic mechanism of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) treated with Astragalus and Leech.     

食品药品检验系统质量管理岗位分级模式调研与分析

目的：在食品药品检验机构科室内部设立质量管理员,利用质量管理员的在线监督,保证检验科室全部要素始终处于正确、有效的状态,弥补所级质管部门在持续覆盖全面质量管理和监督工作内容方面的局限性,促进实验室质量管理体系的有效运行。方法：通过设计调查表及调查结果的统计,充分了解检验一线对质量管理员的岗位职责需求。结果与结论：明确科室质量管理员的岗位职责、工作重点、检查频次及人员条件,是质量管理岗位分级模式运行方案的基础。质量管理分级模式的试运行,是一次由内而外的质量改变,不仅将检验一线希望重点关注和提升检验质量的想法付诸行动,而且已初显成效。     

盐酸哌唑嗪片质量标准改进研究

目的:改进盐酸哌唑嗪片现行质量标准,使检测结果更准确,操作更环保。方法:建立反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸哌唑嗪片的含量、含量均匀度和有关物质。采用Waters Sunfire C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲液(磷酸二氢钾1.36 g,加水溶解并稀释制成1000 m L,加三乙胺4 m L,用磷酸调节p H值至4.5)(40∶60),流速:1 m L·min-1,检测波长:245 nm,柱温:35℃,进样体积:10μL。结果:盐酸哌唑嗪在4.910~49.10μg·m L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=1.000,n=6);平均回收率为99.50%,RSD=0.70%。结论:本方法经方法学验证,可用于盐酸哌唑嗪片含量、含量均匀度测定和有关物质检查。     

新型抗生素磷酸泰地唑胺的药理作用与临床评价

磷酸泰地唑胺(tedizolid phosphate)为新型第2代唑烷酮类抗生素,美国FDA于2014年6月20日批准其用于治疗金黄色葡萄球菌(包括耐甲氧西林菌株、甲氧西林敏感菌株)和各种链球菌属和粪肠球菌等革兰阳性细菌引起的急性细菌性皮肤和皮肤结构感染(ABSSSI)。临床研究表明,该药与利奈唑胺相比具有非劣效性,且安全性较好。本文对磷酸泰地唑胺的药理学、药动学、临床评价和安全性等作一综述。     

TY602-1的抗凝血作用研究

目的:探讨TY602-1的抗凝血作用及其作用机制。方法:采用离体FⅩa酶活性测定法、小鼠体内凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)和凝血酶时间(TT)的测定实验、大鼠动静脉旁路丝线上血栓形成实验、大鼠下腔静脉血栓模型实验,观察TY602-1的抗凝血药效。结果:TY602-1能抑制FⅩa活性;口服1.25,2.5,5和10 mg·kg-1剂量时明显延长小鼠PT和APTT,但对TT无明显影响;口服10 mg·kg-1剂量能明显抑制大鼠动静脉旁路血栓和下腔静脉血栓形成。结论:TY602-1是一种具有较强抗凝血作用的FⅩa抑制剂,可作为预防和治疗深度静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞的药物使用。