Molecular Detection and Identification of Zoonotic Microsporidia Spore in Fecal Samples of Some Animals with Close-Contact to Human

Background: Microsporidia species are obligatory intracellular agents that can infect all major animal groups including mammals, birds, fishes and insects. Whereas worldwide human infection reports are increasing, the cognition of sources of infection particularly zoonotic transmission could be helpful. We aimed to detect zoonotic microsporidia spore in fecal samples from some animals with close – contact to human. Methods: Overall, 142 fecal samples were collected from animals with closed-contact to human, during 2012-2013. Trichrome – blue staining were performed and DNA was then extracted from samples, identified positive, microscopically. Nested PCR was also carried out with primers targeting SSU rRNA gene and PCR products were sequenced. Results: From 142 stool samples, microsporidia spores have been observed microscopically in 15 (10.56%) samples. En. cuniculi was found in the faces of 3 (15%) small white mice and 1 (10%) laboratory rabbits(totally 2.81%). Moreover, E. bieneusi was detected in 3 (10%) samples of sheep, 2 (5.12%) cattle, 1 (10%) rabbit, 3 (11.53%) cats and 2 (11.76%) ownership dogs (totally 7.74%). Phylogenetic analysis showed interesting data. This is the first study in Iran, which identified E. bieneusi and En. Cuniculi in fecal samples of laboratory animals with close – contact to human as well as domesticated animal and analyzed them in phylogenetic tree. Conclusion: E. bieneusi is the most prevalent microsporidia species in animals. Our results can also alert us about potentially zoonotic transmission of microsporidiosis.Key Words: Laboratory animals, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Zoonotic transmission     

Factors associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women: a comparative analysis of 17 sub-Saharan countries

Background  

Violence against women, especially by intimate partners, is a serious public health problem that is associated with physical, reproductive and mental health consequences. Even though most societies proscribe violence against women, the reality is that violations against women's rights are often sanctioned under the garb of cultural practices and norms, or through misinterpretation of religious tenets.     

MicroRNAs mediate the anti-tumor and protective effects of ginsenosides

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRs(, as short non-coding RNAs, regulate important biological processes and mainly are associated with regulation of gene expression. The miRs are beneficial targets for diagnosis of various disorders, particularly cancer, since their expression profile undergoes alterations in pathological conditions. The numerous drugs have been designed with the capability of targeting miRs for treating pathological conditions. On the other hand, the application of naturally occurring compounds has been increased due to their minimal side effects and valuable biological and therapeutic activities. Ginsenosides are able to act as anti-tumor agents via either increasing or decreasing the expression level of miRs. Ginsenosides affect the expression profile of miRNAs to induce their protective impacts. Angiogenesis as a key factor in the progression of cancer can be suppressed by ginsenosides which is mediated by miR regulation. The aim of this review is to shed some light on the protective and anti-tumor activities of ginsenosides mediated by miRNAs.     

Sex disparities in attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women in sub-Saharan Africa: a socio-ecological analysis

Background  

Attitudes towards intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) has been suggested as one of the prominent predictor of IPVAW. In this study, we take a step back from individual-level variables and examine relationship between societal-level measures and sex differences in attitudes towards IPVAW.     

Fungal transformation of androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione by Aspergillus brasiliensis

Background

The biotransformation of steroids by fungal biocatalysts has been recognized for many years. There are numerous fungi of the genus Aspergillus which have been shown to transform different steroid substances. The possibility of using filamentous fungi Aspergillus brasiliensis cells in the biotransformation of androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, was evaluated.

Methods

The fungal strain was inoculated into the transformation medium which supplemented with androstadienedione as a substrate and fermentation continued for 5 days. The metabolites were extracted and isolated by thin layer chromatography. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated using ¹H-NMR, broadband decoupled ¹³C-NMR, EI Mass and IR spectroscopies.

Results

The fermentation yielded one reduced product: 17β-hydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3-one and two hydroxylated metabolites: 11α-hydroxyandrost-1,4-diene-3,17-dione and 12β-hydroxyandrost-1,4-diene-3,17-dione.

Conclusions

The results obtained in this study show that A. brasiliendsis could be considered as a biocatalyst for producing important derivatives from androstadienedione.     

Comparison of in vitro activities of meropenem productions on Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from hospitalized patients

Purpose: Antimicrobial activities of meropenem products on Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were determined. Methods: 212 non-duplicated Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were examined for in vitro meropenem susceptibility test by using the following disks, which were made from Meronem (AstraZeneca, UK), Exipenem (Exir, Iran) and Meroxan (DAANA, Iran) powders. MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ for meropenem antibiotics were determined.Results: Meronem had good activities against most isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and only a few strains had a rather high MIC. Exipenem and Meroxan showed a similar activity with Meronem. Conclusion: Regarding the comparison of two internal generic meropenem products with the external Meronem product have shown that they are equivalents in terms of microbiological activity, as measured using the disk diffusion and MIC. In developing countries, we suggested preparing disks with antibiotic powders that can be an equivalent function in microbiological activity with standard disks. In addition, since it demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against the Klebsiella pneumoniae. For use of Exipenem and Meroxan in vivo, it would be better to perform additional testing (activity against different species, stability etc.).     

Burden of type 2 diabetes attributed to lower educational levels in Sweden

Background

Verbal autopsy (VA) has often been used for point estimates of cause-specific mortality, but seldom to characterize long-term changes in epidemic patterns. Monitoring emerging causes of death involves practitioners' developing perceptions of diseases and demands consistent methods and practices. Here we retrospectively analyze HIV-related mortality in South Africa, using physician and modeled interpretation.

Methods

Between 1992 and 2005, 94% of 6,153 deaths which occurred in the Agincourt subdistrict had VAs completed, and coded by two physicians and the InterVA model. The physician causes of death were consolidated into a single consensus underlying cause per case, with an additional physician arbitrating where different diagnoses persisted. HIV-related mortality rates and proportions of deaths coded as HIV-related by individual physicians, physician consensus, and the InterVA model were compared over time.

Results

Approximately 20% of deaths were HIV-related, ranging from early low levels to tenfold-higher later population rates (2.5 per 1,000 person-years). Rates were higher among children under 5 years and adults 20 to 64 years. Adult mortality shifted to older ages as the epidemic progressed, with a noticeable number of HIV-related deaths in the over-65 year age group latterly. Early InterVA results suggested slightly higher initial HIV-related mortality than physician consensus found. Overall, physician consensus and InterVA results characterized the epidemic very similarly. Individual physicians showed marked interobserver variation, with consensus findings generally reflecting slightly lower proportions of HIV-related deaths. Aggregated findings for first versus second physician did not differ appreciably.

Conclusions

VA effectively detected a very significant epidemic of HIV-related mortality. Using either physicians or InterVA gave closely comparable findings regarding the epidemic. The consistency between two physician coders per case (from a pool of 14) suggests that double coding may be unnecessary, although the consensus rate of HIV-related mortality was approximately 8% lower than by individual physicians. Consistency within and between individual physicians, individual perceptions of epidemic dynamics, and the inherent consistency of models are important considerations here. The ability of the InterVA model to track a more than tenfold increase in HIV-related mortality over time suggests that finely tuned "local" versions of models for VA interpretation are not necessary.     

Leishmania major heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is not protective in murine models of cutaneous leishmaniasis and stimulates strong humoral responses in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis patients

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are highly conserved molecules that play important roles in protein folding, assembly of protein complexes and translocation of proteins across cellular compartments, as well as in several immunological processes. In this study, we first immunized susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice with the complete open-reading frame of Leishmania HSP-70 (pcDNA-HSP70) and boosted mice with rHSP-70 (amino acid 221-604 cloned in pQE-HSP70 and referred to as rHSP70) mixed with Montanide 720. When we evaluated the effects of HSP70 in both mouse strains, we found that the entire fragment (amino acids 221-604) and rCT-HSP70 (amino acids 491-604 cloned in pQE-CT), but not rNT-HSP70 (amino acids 221-291 cloned pQE-NT), contained the highest immunogenicity. However, after infectious challenge with Leishmania major, no efficient protective responses were observed in either mouse strain. The humoral immune responses against the different truncated forms of HSP70 suggested a mixed TH1/TH2 response in vivo. We then assessed infected susceptible and resistant mice for lymphoproliferative and cytokine responses against the truncated forms of HSP70. At 9-week post-infection, we observed no differences in those responses between vaccinated and control mice. Next, we initiated comparative studies in human patient samples, finding no significant proliferation against all three truncated forms of HSP70 in the cellular immune responses of 16 cured cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and 5 normal individuals. Sera from active cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis patients, however, were reactive to all three forms of HSP70. This study demonstrates the potential of HSP70 in stimulating humoral responses in humans and mice and indicates there is a need to further explore and examine the value of this important molecule in the control of leishmaniasis.     

Socioeconomic differences in lung cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective  To investigate the associations between various socioeconomic indicators and lung cancer incidence. Methods  We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies on socioeconomic position (SEP) and lung cancer incidence published through October 2007. Random-effect model was used to pool the risk estimates from the individual studies. We stratified the analysis by adjustment strategy to investigate the influence of smoking on socioeconomic gradient in lung cancer incidence. Results  Out of 3,288 citations, we identified 64 studies eligible for inclusion. Compared to the highest SEP level, we observed an overall increased risk in lung cancer incidence among people with low educational SEP (61%), low occupational SEP (48%), and low income-based SEP (37%). The negative social gradient for lung cancer incidence remained for most of the possible sets of pooled estimates obtained in subgroup analyses for occupational and educational SEP with less consistency for SEP based on income in studies adjusted and unadjusted for smoking. No evidence of publication bias was apparent. Conclusion  Lung cancer incidence was associated with low educational, occupational, and income-based SEP. The association, adjusted or unadjusted for smoking, points out the importance of social position to be addressed in all discussions on cancer preventive measures. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This work was performed in the Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Social Medicine/Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.     

Adaptation and validation of the Iranian version of Angina Pectoris characteristics questionnaire

Research aimed at evaluating Angina Pectoris (AP) symptoms in patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) requires a comprehensive assessment tool applicable to this population. Because no single existing measure assessed the full range of symptom characteristics important to our study, we combined two measures (the modified Rose Questionnaire (MRQ), and the Short Form‐McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF‐MPQ) and added one item to examine specific aspects of AP symptoms (Accompanying Symptom Checklist). The purposes of this study are: (i) to describe the process of translating the SF‐MPQ, MRQ and accompanying symptom checklist from English to the Farsi language; and (ii) to evaluate substantial psychometric works (content and construct validity) for the entire instrument and each part of it (SF‐MPQ, MRQ and accompanying symptom checklist). A cross‐cultural adaptation of the instrument was carried out before developing the final version of it. To these ends, one hundred and 10 CHD patients with AP were assessed by this hybrid measure in an initial study. An analysis of the results indicated that a content valid instrument had been developed. There was a significantly high correlation between scores in the SF‐MPQ and there were associations between items in the MRQ. The Iranian version of AP characteristics questionnaire is valid; it is capable of describing characteristics of AP symptoms. However, the reliability of the instrument needs to be assessed through further research.