Suppression of glucocorticoid secretion enhances cholinergic transmission in rat hippocampus

We previously demonstrated that suppression of glucocorticoid secretion by adrenalectomy (ADX) impaired prefrontal cortex-sensitive working memory, but not reference memory. Since the cholinergic system in the hippocampus is also involved in these memories, we examined the effects of glucocorticoid suppression on cholinergic transmission in the rat hippocampus. A microdialysis study revealed that ADX did not affect the basal acetylcholine release, but enhanced the KCl-evoked response. This enhanced response was reversed by the corticosterone replacement treatment. The extracellular choline concentrations increased under both basal and KCl-stimulated conditions in the ADX rats, and these increases were also reversed by the corticosterone replacement. These results indicate that suppression of glucocorticoid secretion enhances cholinergic transmission in the hippocampus in response to stimuli. It is possible that this enhanced cholinergic transmission may not contribute to the ADX-induced working memory impairment, but it may be involved in maintenance of reference memory.     

Development and characterization of a TAPIR-like mouse monoclonal antibody to amyloid-beta

Tissue amyloid plaque immuno-reactive (TAPIR) antibody was better related to the effect of immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) than ELISA antibody. Here we used a hybridoma technique to develop a TAPIR-like anti-human amyloid-beta (Abeta) mouse monoclonal antibody. The obtained monoclonal antibody, 3.4A10, was an IgG2b isotype and recognized N-terminal portion of Abeta1-42 without binding denatured or native amyloid-beta protein precursor. It had higher affinity to Abeta1-42 than to Abeta1-40 by Biacore affinity analysis and stained preferably the peripheral part of senile plaques and recognized the plaque core less than 4G8. It inhibited the Abeta1-42 fibril formation as well as degraded pre-aggregated Abeta1-42 peptide in a thioflavin T fluorescence spectrophotometry assay. The in vivo studies showed that 3.4A10 treatment decreased amyloid burden compared to the control group and significantly reduced Abeta42 levels rather than Abeta40 levels in brain lysates as well as the Abeta*56 oligomer (12mer) in TBS fraction of the brain lysates. 3.4A10 entered brain and decorated some plaques, which is surrounded by more Iba1-positive microglia. 3.4A10 therapy did not induce lymphocytic infiltration and obvious increase in microhemorrhage. We conclude that 3.4A10 is a TAPIR-like anti-human amyloid monoclonal antibody, and has a potential of therapeutic application for AD.     

Radiological and Microsurgical Anatomy for Variation of the Mandible: Comparative Study of Human and Macaca fascicularis

Recent studies using cone‐beam computer tomography (CBCT) have added to our understanding of anatomical variation in the mandible of humans. However, the distribution of nerves cannot be revealed by CBCT. There have been investigations of the distribution of nerves relating to the mandible, but some proposed causes of these variations remain controversial. In this study, we observed a total of 10 sides from five mandibles of Macaca fascicularis of unknown age and sex using CBCT and dissection under stereomicroscopy. Nine of the 10 sides had two mental foramina in each side. Innervation by the mental nerves depended on the locations of those foramina. The long branch to the mandibular angle ran with a branch of the facial artery, which joined the mental artery in all 10 sides. Five specimens had a median perforating canal in the mandibular bone. In addition, a branch of the sublingual artery, which joined with the small branches of the submental artery, entered the mandibular bone from the median lingual foramen. This foramen was located in the lower part of the mandibular symphysis and passed via the median perforating canal to exit from the median labial foramen, also located in the lower part of the mandibular symphysis. We speculate that the median perforating canal of the mandible, rarely found in humans, is the remnant of the feeding artery of the fetal mandible, and in M. fascicularis is seen in all specimens because they have no mental protuberance. Anat Rec, 300:1464–1471, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.