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91.
Spatial and temporal properties of neurons of the lateral suprasylvian cortex of the cat 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Neurons in the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex (PMLS) of cats were recorded extracellularly to investigate their response to stimulation by bars and by sinusoidal gratings. Two general types of cells were identified: those that modulated in synchrony with the passage of drifting bars and gratings and those that responded with an unmodulated increase in discharge. Both types responded to contrast reversed gratings with a modulation of activity: the cells that modulated to drifting gratings modulated to the first harmonic of contrast reversed gratings (at appropriate spatial phase and frequency), whereas those that did not modulate to drifting gratings always modulated to the second harmonic of contrast reversed gratings. No cell had a clear null point. Nearly all cells were selective for spatial frequency. The preferred frequency ranged from 0.1 to 1 cycles per degree (cpd), and selectivity bandwidths (full width at half height) were around two octaves. Preferred spatial frequency was not correlated with receptive field size, but bandwidth and receptive field size were positively correlated. Preferred spatial frequency decreased with eccentricity, at about 0.05 octaves/deg. The response of all cells increased as a function of grating contrast up to a saturation level. The contrast threshold for response to a grating of optimal parameters was approximately 1% for most cells and the saturation contrast approximately 10%. The contrast gain was approximately 25 spikes/s per log unit of contrast. All cells were tuned for temporal frequency, preferring frequencies from approximately 3 to 10 Hz, with a selectivity bandwidth approximately 2 octaves. For some cells, the spatial selectivity did not depend on the temporal frequency and vice versa. Others were spatiotemporally coupled, with the preferred temporal frequency being lower at high than at low spatial frequencies, and the preferred spatial frequency lower at high than at low temporal frequencies. Previous results showing broad velocity tuning to a bar were replicated and found to be predictable from the combined spatial and temporal tuning of PMLS cells and the Fourier spectrum of a bar. Preferred temporal frequency steadily decreased with eccentricity, at 0.025 octaves/deg. The results for PMLS cells are compared with those of other visual areas. Acuity and spatial preference and selectivity bandwidth is comparable to all areas except area 17, where they are a factor of about two higher. Temporal selectivity in PMLS is as fine as observed in other areas. The possibility that PMLS cells may be involved with motion detection and detection of motion in depth is discussed. 相似文献
92.
Background
Statistics is relevant to students and practitioners in medicine and health sciences and is increasingly taught as part of the medical curriculum. However, it is common for students to dislike and under-perform in statistics. We sought to address these issues by redesigning the way that statistics is taught. 相似文献93.
Early studies found that electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings during somnambulistic episodes were characterized by a combination of alpha, theta, and delta frequencies, without evidence of clear wakefulness. Three postarousal EEG patterns associated with slow-wave sleep (SWS) arousals were recently identified in adults with sleepwalking and sleep terrors. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the distribution of these postarousal EEG patterns in 10 somnambulistic patients (three males, seven females, mean age: 25.1, SD: 4.1) evaluated at baseline and following 38 h of sleep deprivation. A total of 44 behavioral arousals were recorded in the laboratory; seven episodes at baseline (five from SWS, two from stage 2 sleep) and 37 episodes during recovery sleep (30 from SWS, seven from stage 2 sleep). There was no significant difference in the distribution of postarousal EEG patterns identified during baseline and recovery sleep. One pattern, comprised of diffuse rhythmic and synchronous delta activity, was preferentially associated with relatively simple behavioral episodes but did not occur during episodes from stage 2 sleep. Overall, delta activity was detected in 48% of the behavioral episodes from SWS and in 22% of those from stage 2. There was no evidence of complete awakening during any of the episodes. The results support the view of somnambulism as a disorder of arousal and suggest that sleepwalkers' atypical arousal reactions can manifest themselves in stage 2 sleep in addition to SWS. 相似文献
94.
Peres EM Savasan S Cushing B Abella S Mohamed AN 《Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics》2004,148(1):66-70
Cytogenetic analyses of 16 cases of Wilms tumor with abnormal karyotypes were reviewed, 15 cases of unilateral tumor and 1 bilateral. Three tumors exhibited an unfavorable histology (i.e., anaplastic changes); the rest fell into the favorable histology group. Of the 17 tumors with abnormal clonal aberrations, 9 tumors were hyperdiploid (53%), 7 had pseudodiploid karyotypes (41%), and 1 was hypodiploid (6%). The most common numerical aberrations in descending order of frequency were gain of chromosomes 12, 8, and 6 and loss of chromosome 16. Structural rearrangements mostly involved chromosome 1, followed by chromosomes 7, 14, and 17. Clustering of breaks around 1p22 approximately p31-->pter resulting in partial loss of 1p was the most frequent structural aberration. Additionally, i(7q) was observed as a sole abnormality in two tumors and a 7p translocation in two other tumors. Two other recurrent abnormalities were a partial deletion of 14q, seen in three tumors, and complete loss of chromosome 14 in one tumor. All three Wilms tumors with unfavorable histology had abnormalities of 17p, resulting in TP53 gene deletion. These findings provide further support for the importance of gains of chromosomes 12, 8, and 6 and loss of 1p in the development of Wilms tumor. The results also support the association of unfavorable-histology Wilms tumors with TP53 deletion. The nonrandom losses of 16/16q, 7p, and 14q may point to the importance of genomic imbalance in the pathogenetic consequences and progression of Wilms tumor. 相似文献
95.
Anti-tumor immunoglobulin M increases lung metastasis in an experimental model of malignant melanoma
Cancer metastasis involves distinct steps that depend on complicated tumor–host interactions. The hematogenous dissemination
of tumor cells may be facilitated by factors that promote the arrest and adherence of cancer cells in capillaries. We examined
whether anti-tumor monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies promoted the hematogenous dissemination of B16 melanoma cells
in syngeneic mice. IgM monoclonal antibodies were generated that selectively bind to B16 melanoma cells as compared to syngeneic
fibroblasts, lymphocytes or Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Incubation of B16-BL6 or B16-F0 melanoma cells with these IgM anti-tumor
antibodies significantly increased the number of lung colonies as compared with control antibodies. Moreover, intraperitoneal
injection of specific antibody also significantly increased lung colonization. All anti-tumor antibodies promoted the aggregation
of B16 melanoma cells. A chemically generated immunoglobulin G (IgG)-like fragment of an anti-tumor IgM antibody displayed
greatly reduced tumor aggregation and, in contrast to intact IgM, did not significantly increase lung colonization of B16
melanoma cells. Neither intact IgM nor the IgG-like fragment enhanced the in vitro invasiveness of B16 melanoma cells across Matrigel-coated membranes. Our results, therefore, suggest that besides their beneficial
anti-tumor effects, anti-tumor IgM antibodies may also promote the hematogenous dissemination of cancer cells.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
96.
HLA-B*35-Restricted CD8+-T-Cell Epitope in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2903c 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Michl R. Klein Abdulrahman S. Hammond Steve M. Smith Assan Jaye Pauline T. Lukey Keith P. W. J. McAdam 《Infection and immunity》2002,70(2):981-984
Few human CD8(+) T-cell epitopes in mycobacterial antigens have been described to date. Here we have identified a novel HLA-B*35-restricted CD8(+) T-cell epitope in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2903c based on a reverse immunogenetics approach. Peptide-specific CD8 T cells were able to kill M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages and produce gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha. 相似文献
97.
John P. Hatch Patricia J. Moore Steve Borcherding Margaret Cyr-Provost Nashaat N. Boutros Ermias Seleshi 《Journal of behavioral medicine》1992,15(1):89-112
Thirty-four subjects meeting diagnostic criteria for episodic tension-type headache and 42 who rarely experienced headaches participated in two laboratory sessions in which cephalic electromyographic (EMG) activity, electrodermal activity, heart rate, and finger temperature were recorded. Subjects performed relaxation, choice reaction time, psychomotor tracking, voluntary muscle contraction, and cold pressor tasks. Headache subjects showed significantly greater EMG activity than controls during baseline and stressful task performance. During relaxation, both groups reduced EMG activity from baseline levels, and there was no significant difference in EMG level between the groups during relaxation. Headache subjects reported higher levels of subjective anxiety, depression, anger, and stress than controls. Headache subjects also reported higher levels of pain than controls, and headache subjects reported greater pain during stressful task performance relative to baseline and recovery periods.This research was supported by NIH Grant R01-NS-25114. 相似文献
98.
Spontaneous activity and receptive field size for spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were measured and related to the mechanical allodynia in both neuropathic (L5-L6 ligation, 14 days post-injury) and complete Freund's adjuvant-inflamed rats (CFA, 2 days post-injury). The size of the WDR receptive field located on the hindpaw expanded significantly (p<0.01) following both modes of injury, with no difference between CFA and neuropathic animals. Likewise, the spontaneous firing of WDR neurons was significantly elevated following both the CFA (4.4+/-0.6 spikes/s, p<0.01) and neuropathic (3.2+/-0.3 spikes/s, p<0.05) injuries compared to naive (2.1+/-0.2 spikes/s) and sham-neuropathic (1.9+/-0.3 spikes/s) rats. Furthermore, the spontaneous WDR activity recorded from CFA rats was also significantly greater (p<0.05) than neuropathic rats. Mechanical allodynia, as measured by application of a von Frey hair stimulus, was observed from both CFA and neuropathic rats, however, the degree of sensitivity was significantly greater (p<0.01) for the CFA animals. These data suggest that the differences in mechanical sensitivity between CFA and neuropathic rats may be related to their respective changes in WDR spontaneous activity, but not to the changes in receptive field size, and is further demonstration of the importance of spontaneous WDR activity in determining mechanical sensitivity following injury. 相似文献
99.
皮肤穿支血管的解剖学研究 总被引:18,自引:6,他引:18
目的:对全身皮肤血管区域进行定性和定量分析,确定全身皮肤穿支血管的位置、数量、口径、穿支蒂的长度、类型、来源血管以及穿支所供应皮肤的面积,为穿支皮瓣提供血管解剖基础。方法:选用10具新鲜尸体,采用改良氧化铅一明胶灌注技术进行动脉灌注。将每个口径大于0.5mm的穿支血管进行解剖并记录。拍摄X线片以显示皮肤内血管的形态和分布。定量数据分析包括全身各部位的穿支血管的数量、口径、类型及其供应区域的面积。结果:发现全身128支起源血管发出440支穿支供应皮肤。其中肌皮穿支与肌间隔穿支之比为3:2。穿支平均直径为0.7mm。穿支血管的分布规律如下:①躯干皮肤的血供主要来自肌皮穿支,这些穿支在皮肤内的走行距离和分布范围大于肢体皮肤的穿支。②肢体皮肤的血供主要来自肌间隙穿支血管,主要分布在深筋膜表面,皮神经和浅静脉周围穿支之间形成链式血管吻合。③单位面积的穿支数量与皮肤的移动程度成反比,穿支的口径大小和穿支在皮肤内走行距离与皮肤移动度成正比,与穿支的供应面积成正比。结论:本研究提供详细的皮肤穿支血管解剖数据,为临床设计应用穿支皮瓣提供解剖学依据。 相似文献
100.