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991.
Charles E. Ribak Lee A. Shapiro Zachary D. Perez Igor Spigelman 《Brain structure & function》2009,214(1):25-35
Microglial cells are constantly monitoring the central nervous system for sick or dying cells and pathogens. Previous studies
showed that the microglial cells in the dentate gyrus have a heterogeneous morphology with multipolar cells in the hilus and
fusiform cells apposed to the granule cell layer both at the hilar and at the molecular layer borders. Although previous studies
showed that the microglia in the dentate gyrus were not activated, the data in the present study show dying granule cells
apposed by Iba1-immunolabeled microglial cell bodies and their processes both at hilar and at molecular layer borders of the
granule cell layer. Initially, these Iba1-labeled microglial cells surround individual, intact granule cell bodies. When small
openings in the plasma membrane of granule cells are observed, microglial cells are apposed to these openings. When larger
openings in the plasma membrane occur at this site of apposition, the granule cells display watery perikaryal cytoplasm, watery
nucleoplasm and damaged organelles. Such morphological features are characteristic of neuronal edema. The data also show that
following this localized disintegration of the granule cell’s plasma membrane, the Iba1-labeled microglial cell body is found
within the electron-lucent perikaryal cytoplasm of the granule cell, where it is adjacent to the granule cell’s nucleus which
is deformed. We propose that granule cells are dying by a novel microglia-associated mechanism that involves lysis of their
plasma membranes followed by neuronal edema and nuclear phagocytosis. Based on the morphological evidence, this type of cell
death differs from either apoptosis or necrosis. 相似文献
992.
This article reviews the etiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of localized penile cancer. We summarize the current literature concerning recent trends and advances in the treatment of localized penile cancer (相似文献
993.
Xiaobing Zuo Jinbu Wang Ping Yu Dan Eyler Huan Xu Mary R. Starich David M. Tiede Anne E. Simon Wojciech Kasprzak Charles D. Schwieters Bruce A. Shapiro Yun-Xing Wang 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2010,107(4):1385-1390
The 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) genomic RNA contains a cap-independent translation element (CITE), which includes a ribosome-binding structural element (RBSE) that participates in recruitment of the large ribosomal subunit. In addition, a large symmetric loop in the RBSE plays a key role in coordinating the incompatible processes of viral translation and replication, which require enzyme progression in opposite directions on the viral template. To understand the structural basis for the large ribosomal subunit recruitment and the intricate interplay among different parts of the molecule, we determined the global structure of the 102-nt RBSE RNA using solution NMR and small-angle x-ray scattering. This RNA has many structural features that resemble those of a tRNA in solution. The hairpins H1 and H2, linked by a 7-nucleotide linker, form the upper part of RBSE and hairpin H3 is relatively independent from the rest of the structure and is accessible to interactions. This global structure provides insights into the three-dimensional layout for ribosome binding, which may serve as a structural basis for its involvement in recruitment of the large ribosomal subunit and the switch between viral translation and replication. The experimentally determined three-dimensional structure of a functional element in the 3′ UTR of an RNA from any organism has not been previously reported. The RBSE structure represents a prototype structure of a new class of RNA structural elements involved in viral translation/replication processes. 相似文献
994.
Extracts of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip., a plant known under the common name “Feverfew”, contains the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide, a potent
skin sensitizer. To eliminate the risk of skin sensitization from Feverfew, we developed a parthenolide-depleted extract of
Feverfew (PD-Feverfew) and determined its effectiveness as an anti-inflammatory agent. We confirmed that PD-Feverfew was sufficiently
depleted of parthenolide since PD-Feverfew did not inhibit TNF-α induced-NF-κB activity unlike parthenolide containing whole Feverfew. PD-Feverfew directly inhibited the activity of pro-inflammatory
enzymes 5-lipoxygenase, phosphodiesterase-3 and phosphodiesterase-4. PD-Feverfew inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory
mediators nitric oxide, PGE2 and TNF-α from macrophages and TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4 from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Additionally, PD-Feverfew inhibited TPA-induced release of PGE2 from human skin equivalents. In vivo, PD-Feverfew inhibited oxazolone-induced dermatitis, and was more potent than whole Feverfew in reducing TPA-induced dermatitis.
Finally the efficacy of PD-Feverfew was confirmed clinically by a reduction in erythema in a methyl nicotinate-induced vasodilation
model. In conclusion, our results indicate that PD-Feverfew extracts have potent anti-inflammatory activity suggesting that
this botanical would be efficacious in relieving inflammation without inducing immune sensitization. 相似文献
995.
Background and purpose:
In the mammalian brain, histaminergic neurotransmission is mediated by the postsynaptic histamine H1 and H2 receptors and the presynaptic H3 autoreceptor, which also acts as a heteroreceptor. The H1 receptor has been implicated in spatial learning and memory formation. However, pharmacological and lesion studies have revealed conflicting results. To examine the involvement of histamine H1 receptor in spatial reference and working memory formation, H1 receptor knockout mice (KO) were tested in the eight-arm radial maze. Previously, we found that the H1 receptor-KO mice showed reduced emotionality when confronted with spatial novelty. As it is known that emotions can have an impact on spatial learning and memory performance, we also evaluated H1 receptor-KO mice in terms of emotional behaviour in the light–dark box.Experimental approach:
Mice lacking the H1 receptor and wild-type mice (WT) were tested for spatial reference and working memory in an eight-arm radial maze with three arms baited and one trial per day. Emotional behaviour was measured using the light–dark test.Key results:
The H1 receptor-KO mice showed impaired spatial reference and working memory in the radial maze task. No significant differences between H1 receptor-KO and WT mice were observed in the light–dark test.Conclusions and implications:
The spatial memory deficits of the H1 receptor-KO mice might be due to the reported changes in cholinergic neurochemical parameters in the frontal cortex and the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus, to impaired synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, and/or to a dysfunctional brain reward/reinforcement system. 相似文献996.
997.
目的观察米非司酮终止早孕后,绒毛和蜕膜内纤维粘连蛋白(FN)的表达情况。方法宫内早孕要求终止妊娠且孕龄〈49d的妇女,分为药物完全流产组(n=15)、药物不全流产组(n=15)和对照组(手术流产组,n=15)。两药物流产组取服药(米非司酮配伍米索前列醇)第3天排出的绒毛和蜕膜组织,对照组取负压吸引出的绒毛和蜕膜组织。采用免疫组化法测定绒毛和蜕膜组织中FN的表达。结果对照组绒毛和蜕膜FN的阳性表达率明显高于两药物流产组(P〈0.017);其中,不完全流产组绒毛和蜕膜组织中FN的阳性表达率高于完全流产组(P〈0.017)。结论米非司酮可通过降低早孕妇女绒毛和蜕膜中FN的表达,改变胚胎宫内发育的内环境,在细胞外基质水平发挥抗早孕的作用。 相似文献
998.
999.
Three-dimensional neural constructs: a novel platform for neurophysiological investigation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Irons HR Cullen DK Shapiro NP Lambert NA Lee RH Laplaca MC 《Journal of neural engineering》2008,5(3):333-341
Morphological and electrophysiological properties of neural cells are substantially influenced by their immediate extracellular surroundings, yet the features of this environment are difficult to mimic in vitro. Therefore, there is a tremendous need to develop a new generation of culture systems that more closely model the complexity of nervous tissue. To this end, we engineered novel electrophysiologically active 3D neural constructs composed of neurons and astrocytes within a bioactive extracellular matrix-based scaffold. Neurons within these constructs exhibited extensive 3D neurite outgrowth, expressed mature neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins, and remained viable for several weeks. Moreover, neurons assumed complex 3D morphologies with rich neurite arborization and clear indications of network connectivity, including synaptic junctures. Furthermore, we modified whole-cell patch clamp techniques to permit electrophysiological probing of neurons deep within the 3D constructs, revealing that these neurons displayed both spontaneous and evoked electrophysiological action potentials and exhibited functional synapse formation and network properties. This is the first report of individual patch clamp recordings of neurons deep within 3D scaffolds. These tissue engineered cellular constructs provide an innovative platform for neurobiological and electrophysiological investigations, serving as an important step towards the development of more physiologically relevant neural tissue models. 相似文献