Phosphathaushalt und Phosphatbindertherapie

The total body phosphate of approximately 600–700 g is distributed to 80–85% in bones and 15% in soft tissues, blood, ECV and ICV in the form of various inorganic and organic phosphate bonds. As approximately 50% of the phosphate uptake from the intestines is passive and uptake is therefore uncontrolled, in normal healthy kidneys the renal excretion of phosphate is of great significance for phosphate homeostasis within the organism. Loss of this renal regulation in dialysis patients leads to the risk of phosphate accumulation in the body and plays a decisive role in extra-osseal calcification including cardiovascular complications and increased mortality. Because insufficient phosphate can be eliminated by dialysis, intestinal phosphate uptake must be reduced by phosphate binders. The application of various phosphate binders, such as calcium-containing phosphate binders or those containing aluminum, iron and lanthanum as well as calcium and metal-free binders including nicotinic acid and chitosan chewing gum will be discussed.     

Multivariate comparison of elemental concentrations in human teeth

R-mode factor analysis was applied to characterize the chemical composition of human teeth investigated by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. The approach developed in this study enabled the separation between essential mineral teeth components and the pollutants deposited in teeth tissues during the human life. The three independent sources of metals incorporated in human teeth were found. The first source, representing about 43% of the variance of the concentration data, was characterized by pollutant elements of power industry emissions. The second factor was loaded with toxic elements of general urban pollution. The third factor represented the tooth source as it contained mainly large fractions of the mineral components of the tooth tissue as Ca and K.