Coronary thrombosis and platelet/fibrin microemboli in death associated with acute myocardial infarction.

The frequency and clinical significance of platelet/fibrin microemboli in the microcirculation were investigated in 24 patients whose deaths (before and during hospital admission) were associated with acute myocardial infarction. An acute coronary thrombus was present in all the hearts. In nine hearts an acute thrombus was found in more than one major epicardial coronary artery. A total of 35 acute thrombi were found in the 24 hearts. Platelet/fibrin microemboli were found in 19 (79%) hearts. Eighteen patients died in hospital. The hearts of 16 of these cases showed microemboli; 16 had important arrhythmias or various forms of heart block; 13 showed acute pathological changes in the conduction system. Fourteen of the deaths in hospital were primarily the result of cardiogenic shock and four were primarily caused by arrhythmia. Six of the deaths that occurred before admission to hospital were regarded as being arrhythmic in origin. Three of these showed microemboli and the other three had acute pathological changes in the conduction system. Microemboli were found in two (24%) of 12 control hearts. Coronary thrombosis was found in most deaths caused by acute myocardial infarction and platelet/fibrin microemboli were present in the majority of such hearts. These may arise from the coronary thrombus in the larger upstream vessel supplying the microcirculation.     

Right-sided valvular infective endocarditis. A clinicopathological study of 29 patients

Out of 29 patients with right-sided infective endocarditis 13 had associated congenital heart disease and none was a drug addict. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism isolated. The tricuspid valve was infected twice as commonly as the pulmonary valve. Only 11 out of the 29 patients had valvular infection potentially amenable to surgical therapy at the time of death. Ring abscesses were present in 10 patients.     

Is Functional Dyspepsia of Particular Concern in Women? A Review of Gender Differences in Epidemiology, Pathophysiologic Mechanisms, Clinical Presentation, and Management

Dyspepsia is a remarkably common symptom in the general population. Although multiple definitions have been used to describe the symptom, the most common explanation is that of chronic or recurrent pain or discomfort (a subjective negative feeling that may be associated with early satiety, fullness, bloating, or nausea) centered in the upper abdomen. When a thorough evaluation of a dyspeptic patient fails to identify a cause for her symptoms, the label of nonulcer or functional dyspepsia is applied. Functional dyspepsia is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by relapsing and remitting symptoms. Treatment strategies should focus on alleviating the most bothersome symptom and can be based on the proposed underlying pathophysiology. The effect of gender on mechanisms of disease, symptom presentation, and treatment response is an area of increasing interest and study. As with other functional gastrointestinal disorders, there appear to be some gender-specific features of functional dyspepsia. Specifically, gender-related differences have been observed in some studies of both the prevalence of individual dyspepsia symptoms, and in gastric emptying and proximal gastric motor function. There also appear to be gender differences in the psychosocial realm, with dyspeptic women experiencing a lesser sense of well-being than dyspeptic men, as well as an association of an abuse history with functional dyspepsia. This review will highlight specific gender differences related to the symptom presentation, pathophysiology, and approach to treatment of functional dyspepsia, while noting where differences have not been found and where further investigation is warranted.     

Impact of early dietary gamma-linolenic acid supplementation on atopic eczema in infancy

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are components of cell membranes and may play an immunomodulating role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). The goal was to determine the impact of PUFAs on AD by dietary supplementation of infants. Based on the parents' decision on their babies' primary feeding, mothers and newborns were randomized to the supplementation with gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) or placebo for up to 6 months. Breastfed infants received GLA by supplementing their mothers. Formula diet was commercial whey hydrolysate unsupplemented with PUFAs. Of 131 eligible infants, 24 developed AD within the first year of life. Of these, nine belonged to the exclusively breastfed group (n = 58), 14 to the combined-fed group (n = 53), and one to the never breastfed group (n = 20). We could not find an influence of GLA on the development of AD. In subjects with AD, at 1 yr of age the serum-immunoglobulin E (IgE) was the lowest in the GLA-supplemented group A-subjects. In the GLA-supplemented group, GLA-levels in breast milk were similar in atopic and non-atopic infants. In the non-supplemented group the GLA-content of breast milk was 0.07% of total fatty acids in atopic infants vs. 0.17% in non-atopic infants (p < 0.01). Dietary GLA-supplementation could not prevent AD. Interestingly, the number of infants developing AD was the lowest in never breastfed children. In infants suffering from AD, GLA-supplementation seemed to reduce total IgE in the first year of life.     

Minimized surgery for retinal detachments with segmental buckling and nondrainage. An 11-year follow-up.

A prospective study was conducted of 107 retinal detachments operated on between August 1979 and January 1980, with a complete follow-up period ranging from 11 years to 11.5 years. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) stage C1 or C2 was seen in 16 detachments. Surgery consisted of cryopexy and segmental buckling (limited to the area of breaks) with nondrainage. Of the surgical procedures, 71% were radial buckles, 19% circumferential, and 10% radial combined with circumferential buckles. The primary reattachment rate was 92.6%, and 97% after reoperation. During the long-term follow-up period, redetachment occurred in 12.1% of the eyes: 5.6% were classified as early redetachments (between 2 and 4 months), and 6.5% as late redetachments (between 3 and 7 years). Early redetachment was caused by PVR, and late redetachment by new holes. After reoperation, reattachment occurred in 92.6% of the eyes. The predominant cause of final failure was PVR (3.7%). Only one eye had two reoperations. There was a highly significant (P less than 0.001) improvement between preoperative visual function (mean 0.32) and postoperative visual function (mean 0.56) in all 99 reattached eyes during the follow-up period (Mann-Whitney U test).     

Human monocyte antigens in a random sample from Japan.

We studied a random sample of Japanese and compared both Japanese and German monocyte antigen frequencies and performed a segregation analysis in Japanese families. In Japanese, the following gene frequencies were established: 0.1033 for HMA-A1; 0.0299 for HMA-A3; 0.0033 for HMA-A6; 0.1521 for HMA-B2. Data on the gene frequency in Germans were presented by Rose. In this comparison, the frequency for HMA-B2 in Japanese is more than two times higher; for antigen HMA-A6, the Japanese is a fifth of the German quantity. The antigen HMA-B4 was not found in Japanese. The results we obtained from family analysis confirmed an unambiguous autosomal, codominant inheritance of the examined HMA antigens.     

Fibrinous uveitis and intraocular lens implantation. Surface modification of polymethylmethacrylate during extracapsular cataract surgery.

BACKGROUND: The causes of fibrinous uveitis after cataract surgery are unclear, but surface modification of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is known to influence post-operative inflammation. One hundred twenty-five patients were entered into a prospective investigation designed to assess the effect of intraoperative surface modification of PMMA, by coating with a 2% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution, on the incidence of fibrinous uveitis after extracapsular cataract surgery and lens implantation. METHODS: Of the 125 patients entered into this prospective study, 90 received pretreatment with a 1% indomethacin solution. RESULTS: Fibrinous uveitis developed in 18(33%) of 54 eyes with dry lens implantation and in 1 (3%) of 36 eyes with coated lens implantation (P less than 0.005). Thirty-five eyes were not pretreated with indomethacin, and fibrin formation occurred in 6 (30%) of 20 dry implanted eyes and in 0 of 15 eyes with coated lens implantation (S = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative modification of the PMMA surface of an intraocular lens during implantation significantly reduces the severity of postoperative inflammation, as manifest by the incidence of fibrinous uveitis.     

Synthesis and transport of GAP-43 in entorhinal cortex neurons and perforant pathway during lesion-induced sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis.

Metabolic labeling and quantitative 2D gel autoradiography were used to assess changes in the synthesis and transport of GAP-43 in entorhinal cortex (EC) neurons and perforant pathway during lesion-induced sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis. In normal adult rats, there is a high constitutive level of GAP-43 synthesis and transport in EC neurons projecting to the hippocampus. Following unilateral EC lesions, there is a 2-fold (100%) increase in the transport of newly synthesized GAP-43 to the contralateral or 'sprouting' hippocampus. The timing of this upregulation (between 6 and 15 days) suggests that changes in GAP-43 expression occur in response to the growth of presynaptic terminals during sprouting.