Periodontal Inflammatory Conditions Among Smokers and Never‐Smokers With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background : There is a dearth of studies regarding the influence of cigarette smoking on periodontal inflammatory conditions among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study is to assess periodontal inflammatory conditions among smokers and never‐smokers with and without T2DM. Methods: One hundred individuals (50 patients with T2DM [25 smokers and 25 never‐smokers] and 50 controls [25 smokers and 25 never‐smokers]) were included. Information regarding age, sex, duration and daily frequency of smoking, duration and treatment of diabetes, and oral hygiene was recorded using a questionnaire. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL], and marginal bone loss [MBL]) were measured. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were also recorded. Results: Mean age, monthly income status, and education levels were comparable among smokers and never‐smokers with and without T2DM. Mean HbA1c levels were significantly higher among patients with T2DM (8.2% ± 0.1%) compared with controls (4.4% ± 0.3%) (P <0.05). Smokers in the control group were smoking significantly greater numbers of cigarettes (15.5 ± 2.5 cigarettes daily) compared with smokers with T2DM (6.2 ± 2.1 cigarettes daily) (P <0.05). Periodontal parameters were comparable among smokers and never‐smokers with T2DM. Among controls, periodontal parameters (PI [P <0.05], AL [P <0.05], PD ≥4 mm [P <0.05], and MBL [P <0.05]) were significantly higher in smokers than never‐smokers. Never‐smokers with T2DM had worse periodontal status than smokers and never‐smokers in the control group (P <0.05). Conclusions: Periodontal inflammatory conditions are comparable among smokers and never‐smokers with T2DM. Among controls, periodontal inflammation is worse among smokers than never‐smokers.     

Temperature change during non-contact diode laser irradiation of implant surfaces

A temperature increase of more than 10°C can compromise bone vitality. Laser radiation with different wavelengths has been used for the treatment of peri-implantitis, but little is known about the effect of laser irradiation on temperature rise on the implant surface. In this study, the temperature gradient (∆T) generated by laser irradiation of implant surface using two diode lasers (810 nm and a 980 nm) with 2 W of power has been recorded by two thermocouples (one in the cervical area and one in the apical area) and studied. The 810-nm diode laser showed the following results: after 60 s of irradiation with 2 W of continuous mode the temperature gradient in the cervical area of the implant (∆Tc) was 37.2°C, while in the apical area (∆Ta) was 27.2°C. The 980-nm diode laser showed the following results: after 60 s of irradiation with 2 W continuous mode ∆Tc was 41.1°C, and ∆Ta was 30.6°C. The 810-nm diode laser with 2 W continuous mode generated a temperature increase of 10°C after only 14 s. The 980-nm diode lasers groups produced a much more rapid temperature increase. In only 12 s, the continuous wave of 980 nm reached the 10°C temperature rise. From the present in vitro study it was concluded that the irradiation of implant surfaces with diode lasers may produce a temperature increase above the critical threshold (10°C ) after only 10 s.     

Besonderheiten und Probleme der Psychopharmakologie im Kindes- und Jugendalter

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz - Die medikamentöse Behandlung von psychischen Erkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter stellt eine besondere klinische und...