Uroscopy in the 21st century: high-field NMR spectroscopy

From the experiments described, it can be seen that there are different research approaches that can be taken and these are summarized in Table 1. Whereas much scientific research is principally hypothesis led, there remains, nevertheless, an important place for exploratory research. High resolution NMR can measure, directly and simultaneously, a wide range of endogenous metabolites in biological fluids and has the unique capability of providing structural information on the metabolites detected. It has proved to be a powerful research tool with which to study inherited metabolic diseases, renal disease, drug metabolism, and toxicity, and can be used to monitor the effects of drug therapy. For instance, by using a library of experimental toxins one can map the metabolic profile of site-specific nephron injury. With this approach in man one could eventually take an unknown disease such as Balkan nephropathy and predict the initial site of tubular injury, the mode of injury and therefore the kind of toxin capable of producing that injury. NMR spectroscopic techniques are still advancing rapidly, with ever increasing sensitivity and sophistication of NMR pulse sequences to enhance structural elucidation in complex mixtures. Given the advances in directly coupled HPLC-NMR and even HPLC-NMR-mass spectroscopy it is likely that these technologies in conjunction with pattern recognition will make major contribution to our understanding of renal processes and provide new diagnostic insights in the 21st century.      

Effect of physiotherapy on sickness absence in industry: a comparative study.

A cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in two chemical manufacturing plants in order to ascertain the effect of an occupational physiotherapy service on absence attributed to sickness. There was no overall effect on total sickness absence rates in this study, but a possible reduction in short-term sickness absence was noted. Changes in management attitudes to absence attributed to sickness at the comparison site caused a significant reduction in short-term absences. It is concluded that physiotherapy in an occupational setting has little effect on sickness absence compared to management attitudes, but the unquantifiable benefits, such as increased employee mobility, better industrial relations and employee morale may be significant benefits, worthy of further study.     

Leukocyte Depletion of Blood Cardioplegia Attenuates Reperfusion Injury

Background. Leukocytes are associated with myocardial injury during reperfusion after ischemia. Short periods of leukocyte depletion during reperfusion result in persistent attenuation of postischemic myocardial dysfunction.

Methods. Leukocyte depletion was examined in a canine model of regional myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. The extracorporeal circuit and cardioplegia circuits underwent leukocyte depletion by mechanical filtration. Animals were instrumented for baseline global function before 90-minute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Global function during ischemia and at 5, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after a 60-minute cardioplegic arrest using continuous blood cardioplegia was assessed in leukocyte-depleted (n = 9) and control (n = 10) groups.

Results. No significant difference between groups was seen for systemic leukocyte counts, global function, or water content. Endothelial function was significantly protected as assessed by response to both calcium ionophore (endothelial-dependent, receptor-independent relaxation: leukocyte-depleted, 72% ± 19% of endothelin-induced constriction versus control, 46% ± 14%; p < 0.05) and acetylcholine (endothelial-dependent, receptor-dependent relaxation: leukocyte-depleted, 83% ± 11% versus control, 44% ± 15%; p < 0.05).

Conclusions. Leukocyte-mediated endothelial reperfusion injury can be attenuated by leukocyte depletion during reperfusion.     

A closed loop microprocessor controller for treatment of hypertension after cardiac surgery

Hypertension after cardiac surgery is common and requires accurate control by carefully regulated infusions of drugs such as sodium nitroprusside. A microprocessor-based controller has been designed to close the loop between the blood pressure response and the infusion rate of a hypotensive drug. This system has been refined by computer simulation of the blood pressure response to sodium nitroprusside and by experience gained in using the controller in eleven patients in the early recovery period after cardiac surgery. The controller was able automatically to maintain blood pressure within 10% of a specified value. Provision of sophisticated safety features in automatic drug infusion controllers is essential for patient protection.     

Epidermolysis bullosa: radiographic findings in 16 cases

Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of dermatologic disorders with varied inheritance patterns having the common manifestation of blister or bulla formation after minor trauma. Sixteen patients with the disease had the following radiographic manifestations: esophageal stricture (16), fecal impaction (six), vaginal stenosis (one), epithelial bridging and fusion of the digits (six), and aspiration changes in the lungs (two). Esophageal strictures involved the pharynx or cervical esophagus in eight cases and were multiple in five; they ranged in length from 2 mm to 15 cm and tended to progress over time. The findings of esophageal stricture, particularly when multiple and involving the proximal esophagus, and/or the presence of distal phalangeal atrophy with soft-tissue webbing suggest the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa.     

Alcohol use and depression symptoms among employed men and women.

A representative sample of 1,367 employed men and women in Detroit responded to questions about drinking practices and symptoms of depression. After controlling for age, education, family income, marital status, medication use, fathers' drinking, and other variables, increased quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion was associated with increased depression symptoms in the sober state among men and women. Depression symptoms may be one of a group of not fully identified drug after-effect disorders involving psychological functioning.     

Case report: intermittent, positive pressure ventilation-dependent right bundle branch block.

A 73-year-old man with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cor pulmonale developed an intermittent right bundle branch block (RBBB) during mechanical ventilation. The appearance and disappearance of his RBBB was temporally associated with each positive pressure breath. Intermittent RBBB is a previously undescribed complication of positive pressure ventilation.