肾移植术后并发卡氏肺孢子虫病活检的病理学研究

报告肾移植术后５例并发卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎。采用纤维支气管镜活检，分别对印片及组织进行银染和ＨＥ染色。病变为上皮细胞脱落，有时增生呈立方状；炎症反应；各种类型渗出物（包括泡沫状渗出物、泡沫细胞团及絮状蛋白渗出物）等３种改变。重点讨论了本病的组织病理学特征，并对不典型病变形成机理加以讨论。     

Various types of suprameatal spines and depressions in the human temporal bone

Since it covers the lateral wall of the mastoid air system, the suprameatal triangle is of importance to otologic surgeons during mastoidectomy. Because of this clinical importance, topographic anatomy of the suprameatal spine and depression was studied on Anatolian skulls. In all, 363 male and 231 female skulls were studied. The most prevalent type of suprameatal spine resembled a crest and was found in both sexes on the right (77.6%) and left (80%) sides. The absence of a suprameatal depression was significantly higher in females (right 9.1%; left 8.7%) than in males (right 1.7%; left 2.5%). Suprameatal depressions were mostly shallow in female subjects, but were mostly observed in males to be at a medium depth or deep. Received: 5 January 1998 / Accepted: 19 March 1998     

品酒之趣

点点酒意 带来神来之笔 酒赐予吾灵气。常酒后行文，数部拙著于案，盖盖于此！或得缪赞，以得酒资而侃之。     

Effect of wrist and ulna head position on gliding resistance of the extensor digitorum minimi and extensor digitorum communis III tendons: a cadaver study.

While attrition from sharp bony surfaces is the most common cause of extensor digiti minimi (EDM) tendon rupture, the etiology of other cases of spontaneous EDM tendon rupture is still unknown. Friction within the compartment may play a role, especially with ulna dislocation. The purpose of this study was to compare gliding resistance of the EDM tendon with that of a tendon which rarely ruptures spontaneously, the extensor digitorum communis of the middle finger (EDC III) tendon, under various wrist and ulna head positions. Eight fresh frozen cadavers were used. Gliding resistance between the tendon and its sheath in each compartment was measured in five different wrist positions and three different ulna head positions. Gliding resistance of the EDM tendon (0.13 +/- 0.03 N) was significantly greater than the EDC III tendon (0.09 +/- 0.03 N) (p < 0.05). For the EDM tendon, the gliding resistance in ulnar deviation or pronation was higher than the gliding resistance in neutral, radial deviation, or supination (p < 0.05), and the gliding resistance with ulnar lengthening (over 6 mm) or dorsal ulnar dislocation (over 9 mm) was higher than in neutral ulnar head positioning. For the EDC III tendon, the gliding resistance in ulnar deviation was significantly higher than the gliding resistance in neutral, radial deviation, or supination, or dorsal dislocation with ulnar lengthening (p < 0.05). Wrist ulnar deviation, ulnar dorsal dislocation (over 9 mm), and ulnar lengthening (over 6 mm) increased the gliding resistance of the EDM tendon. In patients at risk for EDM rupture, such as those with rheumatoid arthritis or distal radioulnar joint osteoarthritis, avoiding such positions may be advantageous.     

金属离子及氨基糖对大鼠肾脏N－乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ⅲ活性测定的影响

采用反相ＨＰＬＣ荧光测定法对大鼠肾脏Ｎ－乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶（ＧｎＴ）Ⅲ活性测定时二价金属离子及氨基糖的影响进行了研究。结果表明：ＧｎＴⅢ必须有二价金属离子激活，最佳激活离子为Ｍｎ￣（２＋）离子，其次为Ｍｇ￣（２＋）离子；二协金属离子对ＧｎＴⅢ的激活作用依次为Ｍｎ￣（２＋）＞Ｍｇ（２＋）＞Ｃｏ（２＋）＞Ｃａ￣（２＋）＞Ｎｉ￣（２＋）＞Ｂａ￣（２＋）＞Ｚｎ￣（２＋）。四种氨基糖（Ｎ－乙酰氨基葡萄糖ＧｌｃＮＡｃ，Ｎ－乙酰氨基半轧糖ＧａＩＮＡｃ，氨基葡萄糖ＧｌｃＮ，氨基半乳糖ＧａｌＮ），除ＧｌｃＮ使ＧｎＴ活性增加外，其余三种对ＧｎＴⅢ均有不同程度的抑制作用。     

Lung surfactant gelation induced by epithelial cells exposed to air pollution or oxidative stress

Lung surfactant lowers surface tension and adjusts interfacial rheology to facilitate breathing. A novel instrument, the interfacial stress rheometer (ISR), uses an oscillating magnetic needle to measure the shear viscosity and elasticity of a surfactant monolayer at the air-water interface. The ISR reveals that calf lung surfactant, Infasurf, exhibits remarkable fluidity, even when exposed to air pollution residual oil fly ash (ROFA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or conditioned media from resting A549 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). However, when Infasurf is exposed to a subphase of the soluble fraction of ROFA- or H2O2-treated AEC conditioned media, there is a prominent increase in surfactant elasticity and viscosity, representing two-dimensional gelation. Surfactant gelation is decreased when ROFA-AEC are pretreated with inhibitors of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), or with a mitochondrial anion channel inhibitor, as well as when A549-rho0 cells that lack mitochondrial DNA and functional electron transport are investigated. These results implicate both mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial ROS generation in ROFA-AEC-induced surfactant gelation. A549 cells treated with H2O2 demonstrate a dose-dependent increase in lung surfactant gelation. The ISR is a unique and sensitive instrument to characterize surfactant gelation induced by oxidatively stressed AEC.     

老年学习记忆减退大鼠齿状回突触的定量研究

据老年大鼠在Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫中的行为表现，将其分为老年学习记忆减退和学习记忆正常两部分，采用透射电镜观察、拍片，对齿状回中分子层触的数量和大小进行体视学定量分析。     

Involvement of ERK, p38 and NF-kappaB signal transduction in regulation of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse dendritic cells

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are sentinel receptors capable of recognizing pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMP) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG-containing oligonucleotides (CpG ODN). TLR2 and TLR4 are major receptors for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell wall components, respectively. TLR9 is necessary for CpG signalling. LPS or CpG ODN can activate immature dendritic cells (DC) and induce DC maturation characterized by production of cytokines, up-regulation of co-stimulatory molecules, and increased ability to activate T cells. However, little is known regarding the regulation of TLR gene expression in mouse DC. In this study, we investigated the regulation of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression by LPS in murine immature DC. TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 mRNA were up-regulated following LPS stimulation. The up-regulation of TLR9 expression coincided with significantly increased production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha induced by LPS plus CpG ODN. While inhibition of extracellular signal-related kinase and NF-kappaB activation suppressed the up-regulation of the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 mRNA, inhibition of p38 kinase prevented the up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression but enhanced the up-regulation of TLR9 expression. These results demonstrated that TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression was differently regulated by LPS in mouse immature DC. Up-regulation of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 expression by LPS might promote the overall responses of DC to bacteria and help to explain the synergy between LPS and other bacterial products in the induction of cytokine production.     

Quantification of HIV DNA in the brain by PCR: differences between fresh frozen and formalin fixed tissue.

HIV-1 DNA extracted from frozen and formalin fixed brain tissue can be detected using PCR. This work has been extended by amplifying, using semiquantitative PCR, HIV DNA extracted from frontal lobe tissue of 16 patients with AIDS (eight positive and eight negative for p24 antigen). DNA was amplified using HIV-1 pol gene digoxigenin labelled primers and detected by chemiluminescence and densitometry. Cloned standards were amplified in parallel for quantification. HIV DNA levels detected in frozen tissue showed a correlation with p24 positivity and the severity of the histological diagnosis. This correlation was less clear in the formalin fixed material.