Prediction of evolution toward brain death upon admission to ICU in comatose patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage using simple signs

The aim of the study was to identify the predictors of brain death (BD) upon admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) of comatose patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Patients admitted in our ICU from 2002 to 2010 for spontaneous ICH and placed under mechanical ventilation were retrospectively analyzed. Of the 72 patients, 49% evolved to BD, 39% died after withdrawal of life support, and 12% were discharged alive. The most discriminating characteristics to predict BD were included in two models; Model 1 contained ≥3 abolished brainstem responses [adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 8.4 (2.4, 29.1)] and the swirl sign on the baseline CT‐scan [adjusted OR = 5.0 (1.6, 15.9)] and Model 2 addressed the abolition of corneal reflexes [unilateral/bilateral: adjusted OR = 4.2 (0.9, 20.1)/8.8 (2.4, 32.3)] and the swirl sign on the baseline CT‐scan [adjusted OR = 6.2 (1.9, 20.0)]. Two scores predicting BD were created (sensitivity: 0.89 and 0.88, specificity: 0.68 and 0.65). Risk of evolution toward BD was classified as low (corneal reflexes present and no swirl sign), high (≥1 corneal reflexes abolished and swirl sign), and intermediate. Simple signs at ICU admission can predict BD in comatose patients with ICH and could increase the potential for organ donation.     

Single-incision transumbilical levels 1 and 2 axillary lymph node dissection using a flexible endoscope in human cadaveric models

Background

The use of the flexible endoscope as a surgical platform potentially exposes a range of new surgical approaches and benefits yet to be fully defined. A new method using the flexible endoscope to undertake axillary dissection for breast cancer treatment is explored together with an investigation into its acceptability to the general public.

Methods

Endoscopic axillary dissection via a transumbilical approach using the flexible endoscope passed subcutaneously from the umbilicus is described for four human cadaveric axillas. A questionnaire, validated by clinicians, explored the general public’s reaction to the approach and how it might be influenced by potentially serious morbidity such as an increased rate of cancer recurrence.

Results

All axillas were accessed successfully via the transumbilical approach. Levels 1 and 2 axillary dissection was attempted on four axillas. Scarring from previous axillary surgery prevented dissection in one case. In the remaining three cases, respectively 12, 11, and 14 lymph nodes were harvested. The operative times improved with each case, from 1080 to 390 min. A total of 127 people responded to the questionnaire, with 73 % preferring the described approach over the open and periareolar alternatives when morbidities were considered equivalent. When a hypothetical elevated risk of cancer recurrence was included with the transumbilical approach, one-fifth of the public still accepted the approach due to the likelihood of a superior cosmesis.

Conclusion

The use of the flexible endoscope for oncologically safe levels 1 and 2 axillary dissection is possible and would be acceptable to the general public if it were clinically approved. However, significant challenges with the current endoscopic equipment and relevant instrumentation limit the potential of the technique. Technical innovation in terms of new instrument design with improved ergonomics will reduce long operating times and fatigue, thus ensuring surgical acceptance of the flexible endoscope.     

Comment to text by Leif Thuesen, “PCI-The ugly duckling”

Objectives. The aim of the study was to compare extent of coronary disease and subsequent long-term survival in women compared to men adjusted for baseline differences in demographics and morbidity. Design. In the database at Feiring Heart Clinic 18 767 patients had a coronary angiographic examination in the period from March 1999 to December 31, 2006. Their survival status as of May 31, 2007 was ascertained through the Norwegian National Registry. Survival was compared using age stratified analyses and Cox regression adjusting for baseline differences. Results. Significantly more women than men had no coronary disease (28.7 vs. 10.5%, p <0.001), while three vessel disease was more frequently present in men (38.7 vs. 21.8%, p <0.001), as judged by coronary angiography. Covariate adjusted survival was significantly better in women compared to men with an overall hazard ratio of 1.29 (p <0.001), but with no significant difference in the subgroup with high left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Conclusions. At the time of referral to invasive examination women had less extensive coronary artery disease than men as judged by coronary angiography and improved long-term survival when baseline differences were accounted for.     

Bundle Branch Block and Acute Myocardial Infarction: Treatment and Outcome

Objective - To study early diagnosis, treatment and outcome in patients with bundle branch block and clinically suspected acute myocardial infarction. Design - A prospective multicenter study including 14 Swedish coronary care units. The study included 257 consecutive patients with bundle branch block and clinical suspicion of acute myocardial infarction. Results - Left bundle branch block was present in 62% of patients and right bundle branch block in 38%. Thrombolytic treatment of acute myocardial infarction in the left and right bundle branch block was 16% and 36%, respectively. Of those undergoing thrombolytic therapy, 20% of patients with left and 13% with right bundle branch block did not develop an acute myocardial infarction. Patients with left bundle branch block had higher mortality rates than those with right bundle branch block. After one year there was no difference in mortality rates between patients with and those without acute myocardial infarction on admission. Conclusion - Patients with bundle branch block and suspected acute myocardial infarction receive suboptimal treatment. Thus better diagnostic regimes are needed to identify those patients with bundle branch block and acute myocardial infarction who are suitable for thrombolytic treatment.     

Group-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Anxiety Disorder in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a feasibility study

Abstract

Purpose: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes core symptoms that affect general and social development. High risk of developing comorbid disorders such as anxiety is prominent. Up to 60% of children with ASD suffer from anxiety disorders which can negatively influence educational, social and general development together with quality of life. This study is the first to investigate the feasibility of the manualised cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) group programme 'Cool Kids ASD' for anxiety adapted for children with ASD in a general hospital setting.

Methods: Nine children, aged 9–13 years, with ASD and anxiety recruited from a public child psychiatric health clinic were enrolled in the study. Outcome measures were collected from both child and parent pre- and post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up and included scores from a semi-structured anxiety interview, together with questionnaires on anxiety symptoms, life interference, children's automatic thoughts and satisfaction with the programme.

Results: Eight out of nine families found the programme useful and would recommend it to other families in a similar situation. Six families attended all 12 sessions in the programme, two missed one session and one family only managed to attend eight sessions. At follow-up, five children were free of all anxiety diagnoses and a further two out of the nine children no longer met the criteria for their primary anxiety diagnosis.

Conclusions: This study suggests that the transition of the group programme 'Cool Kids ASD' from University Clinics to standard child psychiatric clinical settings is feasible. Further randomised studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of the programme in a larger sample.