中耳炎颞骨咽鼓管峡部粘-软骨膜的组织病理学观察

目的：了解中耳炎性病咽鼓管峡部粘－软骨膜的影响。方法：用光镜对３２耳各型中耳炎颞骨（中耳炎组）与５０耳正常颞骨（正常组）标本连续切片的咽这峡部粘－软骨膜，中耳腔鼓岬粘骨组织病理学比较观察。结果：中耳炎组和正常组颞骨标本咽鼓管峡部均无病理性阻塞；中耳炎组峡部粘－软骨膜厚度测量和病理观察，未见有明显炎症改变，与正常组比较无明显差异；而其中耳腔粘骨膜均明显炎症病变。这种炎症截然不同反应的界限恰好在咽这的     

Therapeutic Effects and Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Heparin on Acute Lung Injury in Rabbits

Objectives:  The objectives were to investigate the potential beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) on acute lung injury (ALI).
Methods:  Forty-eight rabbits were randomized into four groups: normal control group (Group A), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (Group B), LPS + heparin group (Group C), and LPS + LMWH group (Group D). The rabbit ALI model was established by intravenous (IV) injection with LPS. Alveolar–arterial O₂ difference (P_A-aO₂), serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), circulating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) levels, lung nuclear factor (NF)-κB levels, and lung dry/wet (D/W) ratio were measured, and the lung injury scores were calculated.
Results:  Lipopolysaccharide caused significant increases in P_A-aO₂, serum TNF-α, expression of p38 MAPK in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), the lung injury scores, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity in the lung tissue and caused a decrease in lung D/W ratio. A positive linear correlation was found between p38 MAPK and TNF-α at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours ( r  = 0.68, 0.92, 0.93, and 0.93, respectively) and between NF-κB and p38 MAPK and TNF-α at 6 hours (r = 0.94 and 0.83, respectively). IV heparin or LMWH given after LPS treatment attenuated these changes in inflammatory response, oxygenation, p38 MAPK expression, and NF-κB activation.
Conclusions:  The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of heparin in ALI may be inhibiting p38 MAPK and NF-κB activities, and then TNF-α overexpression, thus alleviating the inflammatory reaction.     

Irritable bowel syndrome: Role of food in pathogenesis and management

Patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) commonly report the precipitation of symptoms on food ingestion. Though the role of dietary constituents in IBS has not been extensively studied, food could contribute to symptom onset or even the causation of IBS through a number of mechanisms. First, the physiological response of the intestine to food ingestion could precipitate symptoms in predisposed individuals; second, there is some evidence that allergy or intolerance to a particular food can produce IBS‐like symptoms, third, certain foods may alter the composition of the luminal milieu, either directly or indirectly through effects on bacterial metabolism, and thus induce symptoms and, finally, IBS may develop following exposure to food‐borne pathogens. Anticipatory, psychological factors generated by previous negative experiences with food ingestion or other factors may also contribute though their contribution has been scarcely quantified. Not surprisingly, there is considerable interest in the potential roles of diet and food supplements in the therapy of IBS; for the most part, the evidence base for such recommendations remains slim though certain probiotics show considerable promise.     

Psychosomatische Behandlungen bei HNO-Erkrankungen

The spectrum of psychosomatic diseases in the field of otorhinolaryngology covers reactive disorders brought on by excessive psychosocial demands, post-traumatic disorders following mental traumatization, purely psychological disorders brought on by personality development deficits or learnt false behavior, and multifactorial diseases with somatic correlatives and mental triggers. Psychosomatic medicine describes the interaction of physical and psychological processes. The central treatment method is psychotherapy. In Germany, the costs of psychodynamic psychotherapies and behavioral therapy are covered by the health insurance companies. The tasks of psychosomatic treatment in the field of otorhinolaryngology comprise differential diagnostics, basic psychosomatic treatment and the determination of differential indications for the respective forms of psychotherapy.     

Anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta (hemitruncus) in a premature infant: A case report and literature review

Anomalous origin of one pulmonary artery from the aorta (AOPA) is a rare congenital anomaly. Here, we report the case of a premature infant with a delayed diagnosis of AOPA who died before surgical repair could be attempted, and we review the literature regarding the diagnosis and surgical approaches in premature infants with AOPA. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42 :367–370, 2014