Involvement of platelet activating factor and thromboxane A2 in the renal response to unilateral ureteral obstruction

Platelet activating factor (PAF) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) are two vasoactive mediators which can decrease renal blood flow. Both are synthesized by various intrarenal cell types or by macrophages which may infiltrate the kidney during unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). In several experimental systems, PAF receptor activation is accompanied by TxA2 release; pharmacological modification of TxA2 synthesis or receptor activation modulates the response to PAF. The involvement of PAF in UUO has not been studied previously, and the role of TxA2 has not been clearly defined by previous investigations. The hemodynamic response to acute UUO is characterized by decreases in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate and an acute increase in ureteral pressure. In the present experiments, the involvement of either PAF or TxA2 in the acute response to UUO was studied by determining if blockade of either the TxA2 or PAF receptor would affect the renal hemodynamic response to UUO. In addition, the effect of blockade of the TxA2 receptor on the renal response to PAF was determined. Our results indicate that only a small portion of the renal response to PAF is mediated by TxA2, and that neither PAF nor TxA2 can be implicated in the acute hemodynamic response to UUO. TxA2 or PAF involvement in the chronic response to UUO still remains to be determined.     

Psychodynamik sexuellen Missbrauchs in der Psychotherapie

I characterize the different facettes of the psychodynamics of sexual abuse in psychotherapy by the Karpmann (or drama) triangel. This model of relationship helps to understand better the process of role play between victim, perpetrator, and prosecuter and the hereby provoked change of roles.     

Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women.

Dietary supplementation with vitamin K(1), with vitamin D(3) and calcium or their combination, was examined in healthy older women during a 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Combined vitamin K with vitamin D plus calcium was associated with a modest but significant increase in BMC at the ultradistal radius but not at other sites in the hip or radius. INTRODUCTION: The putative beneficial role of high dietary vitamin K(1) (phylloquinone) on BMD and the possibility of interactive benefits with vitamin D were studied in a 2-year double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy Scottish women > or =60 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy, nonosteoporotic women (n = 244) were randomized to receive either (1) placebo, (2) 200 microg/day vitamin K(1), (3) 10 microg (400 IU) vitamin D(3) plus 1000 mg calcium/day, or (4) combined vitamins K(1) and D(3) plus calcium. Baseline and 6-month measurements included DXA bone mineral scans of the hip and wrist, markers of bone turnover, and vitamin status. Supplementation effects were tested using multivariate general linear modeling, with full adjustment for baseline and potential confounding variables. RESULTS: Significant bone mineral loss was seen only at the mid-distal radius but with no significant difference between groups. However, women who took combined vitamin K and vitamin D plus calcium showed a significant and sustained increase in both BMD and BMC at the site of the ultradistal radius. Serum status indicators responded significantly to respective supplementation with vitamins K and D. Over 2 years, serum vitamin K(1) increased by 157% (p < 0.001), the percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%GluOC) decreased by 51% (p < 0.001), serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] increased by 17% (p < 0.001), and PTH decreased by 11% (p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence of a modest synergy in healthy older women from nutritionally relevant intakes of vitamin K(1) together with supplements of calcium plus moderate vitamin D(3) to enhance BMC at the ultradistal radius, a site consisting of principally trabecular bone. The substantial increase in gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin by vitamin K may have long-term benefits and is potentially achievable by increased dietary intakes of vitamin K rather than by supplementation.     

Impaired modulation of motor cortex excitability by homonymous and heteronymous muscle afferents in focal hand dystonia.

A decrease of heteronymous median nerve-evoked inhibition of corticospinal projections to forearm extensor muscles was reported in a group of 10 dystonic patients by Bertolasi and colleagues in 2003. Here we tested the excitability of corticomotoneuronal connections to both wrist extensor (ECR) and flexor (FCR) muscles after conditioning stimulation of median and also radial nerve at rest in a group of 25 patients with focal hand dystonia compared to 20 healthy subjects. We also investigated the effect of the wrist dystonic posture, either in flexion or in extension, on the afferent modulation of ECR and FCR motor evolved potentials (MEPs). The heteronymous (median-induced) but also homonymous (radial-induced) inhibitions (interstimuli intervals 13-21 ms) of ECR MEP size observed in healthy subjects were decreased in patients. In addition, homonymous (median-induced) facilitation of FCR MEP size was also decreased in patients while heteronymous inhibition (radial-induced) was not. Neither the involvement of the target muscle in the dystonic posture nor the origin of the afferent volley (from a dystonic muscle) influenced the degree of impairment of afferent modulation of the MEP. These findings support the view that a global abnormal somatosensory coupling in focal hand dystonia may contribute to an inadequate motor command to wrist muscles.     

HIV-Related Concerns and Educational Needs of Public Health Nurses in a Rural State

Abstract An anonymous questionnaire was completed by 369 nurses in public health departments in a rural Southeastern state to examine the relationship between nurses' prior HIV training and their HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, concerns, and perceived training needs. The survey was conducted in three predominantly urban counties with the highest number of AIDS cases and in 38 rural counties with two or fewer reported AIDS cases. Knowledge answers were generally 70%-90% correct and attitudes more favorable than unfavorable. Attitude was more frequently associated with HIV training level than was knowledge. Concerns about working with persons with high-risk behaviors were expressed by more than half the nurses and were more prevalent in rural areas. Nurses with more training had more concerns about client care and fewer fears about HIV work. Almost all (85%) were concerned about lack of community resources. Most nurses wanted more training of the client-sensitive type provided by the state. With the increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS in rural areas, planning continuing education for staff not only on new developments and current therapies (desired by 98%) but on managing feelings about clients with high-risk behaviors seems especially important not only for the staff, but for their significant others and communities.     

Core body temperature in the elderly and factors which influence its measurement

Several studies have reported that core body temperature decreases with age and has greater variability in older populations. Furthermore, oral measurement, the most frequently used clinical method for determining fever, may not accurately reflect core body temperature. This study was designed to compare accurate measurements of oral and core body temperatures in a group of 93 healthy subjects, aged 62-96, under controlled conditions. Increasing age, presence of dentures, and type of thermometer were examined to determine if they affect body temperature measurements. Core temperatures did not show a negative relationship with advancing age (r = -0.02) nor did variation in temperatures increase with age. Neither the type of thermometer nor the presence of dentures significantly affected the measurement of temperature.