Clinical anatomy of the subacromial and related shoulder bursae: A review of the literature

The subacromial bursa (SAB) is the main bursa of the shoulder. It facilitates normal movement and is also commonly involved in shoulder disorders. Other shoulder bursae have been described but their anatomy has not been well studied. Anatomical variation of shoulder bursae has been suggested and this has implications for clinical practice. This article reviews current knowledge of the normal anatomy of the SAB and related shoulder bursae. A systematic review of the English and German literature was conducted using databases and a hand search of reference lists focusing on the clinical anatomy of the SAB, coracobrachial and subcoracoid bursae and subtendinous bursa of subscapularis. Twenty‐four original sources and 13 textbooks were identified. Fifteen studies described the general morphology of the shoulder bursae using cadaveric specimens, eight examined innervation, and one provided information about the blood supply of the SAB. The literature agrees that the SAB is consistent and well innervated with a lateral subdeltoid part and a variable subcoracoid portion. There is variability regarding the consistency, location, and communications of the coracobrachial and subcoracoid bursae and the superior part of the subtendinous bursa of subscapularis, and little information on their nerve and blood supply. Several bursae are present around the shoulder joint. Further research is warranted to understand the precise attachments, dimensions, and communications of the bursae, as well as their nerve and blood supply. This information will improve understanding of the clinical relevance of these bursae and inform appropriate assessment and treatment. Clin. Anat. 30:213–226, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Differential effects of bifrontal tDCS on arousal and sleep duration in insomnia patients and healthy controls

Background

Arousal and sleep represent basic domains of behavior, and alterations are of high clinical importance.

Methodology for evaluating the sustainability of products and processes: application to alternative substitution techniques of chromium VI

Faced with increasing regulatory and social pressures, the industrial world must offer safer and more environmentally services while maintaining economic competitiveness. Thus, the development of sustainable activities is essential, and new interactive approaches to evaluate them are needed. In this context, the purpose of this study is to develop a methodology to analyse and compare the sustainability of alternative designs and productions during the preliminary phase of a project considering several criteria based on environment, economy, health and safety risks, and obsolescence risks. This paper describes, on one hand, the proposed methodology used to evaluate each criterion separately and to obtain the final integrated score. On the other hand, it proposes the application of the methodology to the comparison of surface treatment processes used in aircraft industry, to illustrate and validate the approach. The case study is about the comparison of an electrochemical process for the treatment of aluminium against corrosion: chromic acid anodizing, and alternatives without chromium, tartaric sulphuric acid anodizing and boric sulphuric acid anodizing.     

Epigallocatechin Gallate: A Review of Its Beneficial Properties to Prevent Metabolic Syndrome

Obesity and being overweight are linked with a cluster of metabolic and vascular disorders that have been termed the metabolic syndrome. This syndrome promotes the incidence of cardiovascular diseases that are an important public health problem because they represent a major cause of death worldwide. Whereas there is not a universally-accepted set of diagnostic criteria, most expert groups agree that this syndrome is defined by an endothelial dysfunction, an impaired insulin sensitivity and hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and hypertension. Epidemiological studies suggest that the beneficial cardiovascular health effects of diets rich in green tea are, in part, mediated by their flavonoid content, with particular benefits provided by members of this family such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Although their bioavailability is discussed, various studies suggest that EGCG modulates cellular and molecular mechanisms of various symptoms leading to metabolic syndrome. Therefore, according to in vitro and in vivo model data, this review attempts to increase our understanding about the beneficial properties of EGCG to prevent metabolic syndrome.     

In vivo measurement of apparent diffusion coefficients of hyperpolarized 13C‐labeled metabolites

The combination of hyperpolarized MRS with diffusion weighting (dw) allows for determination of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which is indicative of the intra‐ or extracellular localization of the metabolite. Here, a slice‐selective pulsed‐gradient spin echo sequence was implemented to acquire a series of dw spectra from rat muscle in vivo to determine the ADCs of multiple metabolites after a single injection of hyperpolarized [1‐¹³C]pyruvate. An optimal control optimized universal‐rotation pulse was used for refocusing to minimize signal loss caused by B₁ imperfections. Non‐dw spectra were acquired interleaved with the dw spectra and these were used to correct for signal decay during the acquisition as a result of T₁ decay, pulse imperfections, flow etc. The data showed that the ADC values for [1‐¹³C]lactate (0.4–0.7 µm²/ms) and [1‐¹³C]alanine (0.4–0.9 µm²/ms) were about a factor of two lower than the ADC of [1‐¹³C]pyruvate (1.1–1.5 µm²/ms). This indicates a more restricted diffusion space for the former two metabolites consistent with lactate and alanine being intracellular. The higher ADC for pyruvate (similar to the proton ADC) reflected that the injected substance was not confined inside the muscle cells but also present extracellular. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.