Erythrocyte antioxidant activity in human patients with Parkinson's disease

Three groups have reported defective antioxidant mechanisms in substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease, namely a decreased catalase and peroxidase activity, a reduction of glutathione and, more recently, a diminished nigral glutathione peroxidase activity. We decided to investigate these mechanisms in erythrocytes to determine whether these brain defects represent generalized or genetic aberrations, in which case they should also be present in blood cells. The glutathione cycle has been investigated (reduced and oxidized glutathione, glutathione reductase and peroxidase) plus the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. The basal malonaldehyde content of erythrocytes was used as an index of endogenous lipid peroxidation. None of the above-mentioned parameters were found altered in erythrocytes of parkinsonians, suggesting that no genetic or generalized biochemical abnormalities underly the deficiencies detected in substantia nigra.     

Aspergillosis of ethmoid sinus and optic nerve, with arteritis and rupture of the internal carotid artery

A 54-year-old woman had been treated 26 years previously for Hodgkin's disease. Eight months before presentation, the disease had recurred and the patient had received cytotoxic drugs and steroids. She presented with loss of vision of the right eye and died 5 months later from extensive subarachnoid hemorrhage. Postmortem examination revealed an aspergillus abscess of the ethmoid sinus, extending to the right frontal lobe and optic nerve, and to the wall of the right internal carotid artery (ICA). Death was due to rupture of the ICA. Such a presentation of aspergillosis is unusual. Three cases of aspergillus arteritis causing rupture of the ICA have been reported previously.     

Transplant tolerance is associated with reduced expression of cystathionine-γ-lyase that controls IL-12 production by dendritic cells and TH-1 immune responses

Antigen-activated T lymphocytes undergo an immune or tolerogeneic response in part according to the activation status of their antigen-presenting cells. However, factors controlling the activation of antigen-presenting cells are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that immune tolerance after organ allotransplantation in the rat is associated with a repressed intragraft expression of several enzymes of the trans-sulfuration pathway, including cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). The pharmacologic blockade of CSE with propargylglycine delayed heart allograft rejection and abrogated type IV hypersensitivity but did not modify antibody responses, and was associated with a selective inhibition of the TH-1 type factors T-bet, IL-12, and IFN-γ. IL-12 repression could also be induced by propargylglycine in vitro in monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), a phenomenon not mediated by changes to nuclear factor-κ B or hydrogen sulfide but that occurred together with a modulation of intracellular cysteine content. Intracellular cysteine levels were predominantly controlled in DCs by CSE activity, together with extracellular import via the X(c)(-) transporter. Our results indicate that CSE plays a critical role in regulating IL-12 in monocytes and DCs and is down-modulated in transplant tolerance, presumably participating in the maintenance of the tolerant state.     

Impaired spatial working memory after anterior thalamic lesions: recovery with cerebrolysin and enrichment

Lesions to the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) in rats produce robust spatial memory deficits that reflect their influence as part of an extended hippocampal system. Recovery of spatial working memory after ATN lesions was examined using a 30-day administration of the neurotrophin cerebrolysin and/or an enriched housing environment. As expected, ATN lesions in standard-housed rats given saline produced severely impaired reinforced spatial alternation when compared to standard-housed rats with sham lesions. Both cerebrolysin and enrichment substantially improved this working memory deficit, including accuracy on trials that required attention to distal cues for successful performance. The combination of cerebrolysin and enrichment was more effective than either treatment alone when the delay between successive runs in a trial was increased to 40 s. Compared to the intact rats, ATN lesions in standard-housed groups produced substantial reduction in c-Fos expression in the retrosplenial cortex, which remained low after cerebrolysin and enrichment treatments. Evidence that multiple treatment strategies restore some memory functions in the current lesion model reinforces the prospect for treatments in human diencephalic amnesia.     

Enhanced physical stability of human calcitonin after methionine oxidation

Calcitonin is a blood-calcium-lowering peptide, present in different species, which inhibits the resorption of bone by osteoclasts. Human calcitonin (hCT) is one of the few calcitonin peptides, which contains a methionine residue; this residue is in position 8. Methionines are known to be readily oxidized to sulfoxides both in vivo and in vitro. The current work describes the effect of methionine oxidation on the physical stability of hCT. Aggregation kinetics of human calcitonin were studied at different pH values by intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, turbidity at 350 nm, microscopy analyses, Nile Red, and 1,8-ANS fluorescence emission. In all the experiments, methionine oxidation reduced the aggregation rate of human calcitonin. The effect of methionine oxidation was independent of pH. Fluorescence lifetime data also showed that the conformation of hCT in the aggregated state can be influenced by methionine oxidation. A hypothesis for the enhanced physical stability of oxidized hCT is presented and discussed.     

Children and youth perceive smoking messages in an unbranded advertisement from a NIKE marketing campaign: a cluster randomised controlled trial

Background  

How youth perceive marketing messages in sports is poorly understood. We evaluated whether youth perceive that the imagery of a specific sports marketing advertisement contained smoking-related messages.