移植肝缺血-再灌注损伤程度的评估及其与肝移植患者预后的关系

目的探讨移植肝缺血-再灌注损伤程度的评估方法及其与肝移植患者预后的关系。方法218例良性终末期肝病患者，在移植肝恢复血液灌注后1h采取外周静脉血，测定丙氨酸转氨酶浓度（定义为基础肝功能），同时采用组织气体分析仪测定肝组织的氧分压，并取肝组织活检，计算水变性及坏死细胞百分比，分别对上述3项指标进行评分，再根据各指标得分之和将缺血-再灌注损伤程度划分为5级（0～Ⅳ级），统计围手术期（术后2周内）、术后近期（术后2周至1个月）、术后中远期（1个月以上）的患者死亡率。结果移植肝缺血再灌注损伤程度评为0级者157例（A组），死亡7例（4．5％），71．4％（5／7）死于术后3-6个月；缺血-再灌注损伤程度评为Ⅰ级者25例（B组），死亡5例（20．0％），80．0％（4／5）死于术后2周至3个月；缺血-再灌注损伤程度评为Ⅱ级者23例（C组），死亡5例（21．7％），80．0％（4／5）死于术后2周至3个月；缺血-再灌注损伤程度评为Ⅲ级者8例（D组），死亡7例（87．5％），85．7％（6／7）死于术后1个月内；缺血-再灌注损伤程度评为Ⅳ级者5例（E组），全部死亡，80．0％（4／5）死于术后1个月内。A组各期死亡率明显低于B组、C组（P〈0．05）和D组、E组（P〈0．01）；B组、C组间各期死亡率的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；B组、C组各期死亡率均低于D组、E组（P〈0．05）。结论基础肝功能、组织氧分压以及水变性和坏死细胞百分比三项指标可基本反映移植肝缺血-再灌注损伤程度；缺血-再灌注损伤评级达Ⅲ～Ⅳ级者术后死亡率较高。     

诺和锐胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病的临床观察

目的:观察诺和锐胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病的疗效。方法:对10例应用诺和灵短效胰岛素联合诺和灵中效胰岛素治疗的1型糖尿病患儿以超短效胰岛素诺和锐等量替代短效胰岛素联合诺和灵中效胰岛素治疗1个月,观察HbA1c等代谢指标变化。结果:用诺和锐治疗后患儿餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c显著下降,P<0．01,平均下降值分别为3．51±1．10 mmol／L与0．64％±0．19％。胰岛素用量与血脂无明显变化,P>0．05。治疗期间未发现明显低血糖。结论:超短效胰岛素诺和锐替代短效胰岛素可进一步控制餐后血糖．并显著降低HbA1c,有利于血糖控制。     

试论医学院校的转型和发展战略

我国医学院校的发展道路有通过“强强联合”并入综合性大学和通过学科多样化“转型”为多科性大学两种类型。“转型”方式虽然不受广泛的关注，却正在低调而广泛地运行，成为独立设置医学院校自我发展和提高的主要方式。转型期医学院校在发展战略上有明显共性，如专业学科布局的优化、大力扶植基础学科、整合临床资源凸显医学主体、校园规划和建设体现多科性大学的包容性等，应予以重视。     

磁共振成像在肝移植术后并发症诊断中的应用

目的探讨磁共振成像在肝移植并发症诊断中的价值。方法回顾分析11例肝移植术后发生并发症者的磁共振检查影像资料。结果11例患者术后出现皮肤和巩膜黄染、发热以及尿黄等症状，丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶和胆红素升高．经B型超声波检查不能明确原因，采用磁共振（MRI、MRA和MRCP）检查，明确肝动脉吻合口狭窄1例；肝动脉闭塞2例；下腔静脉吻合口狭窄及血栓形成各1例；胆管吻合口狭窄4例，其中1例伴胆汁瘤形成；肝门水平非吻合口狭窄6例；肝坏死2例；肝包膜下血肿及右肾上腺出血各1例；均显示不等量的右侧胸腔积液、腹腔积液及肝门部水肿。结论磁共振一次检查可显示肝内外的多种结构，能为肝移植术后并发症的诊断提供丰富的肝脏、血管、胆道以及肝外结构的图像信息。     

Effects of magnetic resonance imaging diffusion gradient recalled echo on a patient with an intracranial hemorrhage presenting to the emergency department.

Generally, a computed tomography scan is conducted for the diagnosis of stroke in the emergency department, because these scans are easier and faster in the detection of stroke. If there are no signs of hemorrhage on computed tomography scan, an ischemic stroke is diagnosed and treated accordingly. A magnetic resonance imaging scan may be taken in order to verify ischemic stroke. This process may lead to improper treatment and is time consuming. To address this situation, case studies are presented in which magnetic resonance imaging diffusion-weighted imaging and gradient recalled echo were performed to detect hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke and particularly, subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is undetectable with a computed tomography scan.     

门诊输液室流水式操作模式探讨

目的提高门诊输液室的工作效率,减少差错失误的发生,同时提高患者满意度.方法将30个工作日输液的前50例次患者(共1 500例次)按单、双日分为常规组和观察组.常规组由3名护士独自完成从接输液单到输注操作的全过程;观察组则按流水操作模式,1名负责接输液单、贴瓶签、摆药、皮试(舍看结果)、巡视、接瓶、拔针及处理输液故障等,1名负责核对药物及配药,另1名负责输注.比较两组每天连续完成50例次输液所用时间、差错失误率及患者满意度.结果观察组完成50例次输液所用时间及差错失误率显著低于常规组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),患者满意度显著高于常规组(P＜0.01).结论门诊输液室采用流水式操作模式有利于提高工作效率,减少差错失误率,同时提高患者的满意度.     

Use of paracervical analgesia for outpatient hysteroscopic surgery: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Twenty-five women receiving sedation for outpatient hysteroscopic polypectomy were injected with 0.25% bupivacaine 10 mL (paracervical group) and another 25 received the same volume of saline (control group) at the cervical fornix. Both groups were given target-controlled propofol sedation during the procedure. More propofol (mg/min) was needed for adequate anesthesia in the control group compared to the paracervical group (6.5 versus 4.6). In addition, the postoperative pain scores were lower in the paracervical group than in the control group. Hemodynamic changes and postoperative side effects were similar in the two groups. This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study confirmed the effective use of paracervical blocks. This approach has the effect of reducing the amount of intraoperative propofol and decreasing postoperative pain in outpatient hysteroscopic surgery.     

A survey: conscious sedation with epidural and zygapophyseal injections: is it necessary?

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Substantial variation exists regarding the use of sedation before interventional spine techniques. Patient preference should play an important role in decision making regarding the need for sedation. However, little is known about patients' anxiety levels before spinal injections and their perceptions about the necessity of sedation. PURPOSE: To determine patient perception for need for sedation before epidural steroid injections and zygapophyseal joint injections. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Survey of consecutive spinal injection patients in an outpatient spine center. PATIENT SAMPLE: 500 consecutive lumbar, thoracic, and cervical patients receiving spinal injections. OUTCOME MEASURES: A 12-item questionnaire assessing patients' perceived anxiety before to a spinal injection. METHODS: Subjects were given the questionnaire after their spinal injection. Percentages requesting sedation for a first and potential second procedure were assessed. Additionally, anxiety level and pain rating, location of injection, age, sex, and other medication use were analyzed to determine the effect on the request for sedation. RESULTS: 17% of patients questioned requested sedation before an injection, and 28% would request sedation if they were to have a second injection. CONCLUSIONS: Routine sedation before diagnostic and therapeutic injections is not necessary as the majority of patients would not request sedation before the procedure when given the option. However, in some patients sedation is indicated, and all patients would benefit from educational material on sedation before the injection.     

Nonselective cation channels activated by the stimulation of muscarinic receptors in mammalian gastric smooth muscle.

Muscarinic receptors play key roles in the control of gastrointestinal smooth muscle activity. However, specific physiological functions of each subtype remain to be determined. Single cell RT-PCR experiments showed that all five subtypes of muscarinic receptors were present in circular smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig gastric antrum. Nonselective cation channels (NSCC) activated by ACh or CCh are coupled to pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive Go protein through m4 subtype as well as m2 and m3 subtypes in guinea-pig stomach. CCh-activated currents (I(CCh)), especially the steady-state I-V relationship of I(CCh) showed a chracteristic U-shaped curve; reversal potential of around 0 mV and inward rectification at around +15 mV and a negative slope conductance at negative potential range. Under physiological conditions, the measured single channel conductance of NSCC was approximately 25 pS. The single channel conductance was modulated by external monovalent and divalent cations including Na+, Cs+, Li+, and Ca2+ through changing both the open probability and unitary conductance. Through the NSCC, Ca2+ can move into the cell from extracellular solution as well as Na+. Calculated fractional Ca2+ current of I(CCh) (f(Ca)) was around 1% at the 2 mM [Ca2+]o and at the 4 mM [Ca2+]o, f(Ca) was 2.3%. Quinidine blocked I(CCh) potently in a reversible manner; IC50 was 0.25 microM. There were two kinds of I(CCh) modulations through Ca(2+)-dependent pathways in guinea-pig gastric smooth muscle cells; 1) Facilitation of I(CCh) via Ca2+/CaM-dependent MLCK pathway, 2) Desensitization of I(CCh) via Ca(2+)-dependent PKC pathway. In the mouse stomach, all seven types of TRPC mRNA were detected with RT-PCR. On the basis of electrophysiological, pharmacological, and molecular biological experiments, we reported the mTRPC5 as a candidate for the NSCC activated by muscarinic stimulation in mouse stomach.