Significant others benefit from preoperative information

Little attention has been given to the preparation of the patient's family prior to surgery, even though nurses' clinical experience suggests that family members are often more anxious than the patient. This study explored the knowledge and anxiety of spouses and significant others of patients preparing for cardiac surgery. The subjects were selected by convenience from a preoperative class offered at the hospital where surgery was to occur. Before and after the class, the subjects completed a cardiac-surgery knowledge test and an anxiety test. The significant others were significantly more anxious than the patients prior to the class. The anxiety level of significant others was significantly reduced after the class. There were no statistically significant differences between patients and significant others on the cardiac-surgery knowledge test. These results suggest that significant others may benefit from preoperative instruction.     

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neurodevelopmental Approach

TOPIC. Attention-deficitlhyperactivity disorder is frequently overdiagnosed when a complete evaluation by a knowledgeable clinician is not undertaken. Because of the recent negative media campaign regarding psychos t im ulan t medication, it becomes more imperative that a thorough and accurate evaluation be completed before starting children and adolescents on psychostimulant medications.
PURPOSE. To describe the neurodevelopmental perspective in the assessment and treatment of ADHD.
SOURCES. Published literature and clinical experience.
CONCLUSION. It is useful in practice to conceptualize the dmelopmental path of children with ADHD not as disordered but as delayed, and to build on each child's strengths. The neurodmeloprnental approach provides the child psychiatric nurse a child-focused framework for assessment and development of individualized interventions.     

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children: Controversies and Unresolved Issues

TOPIC: Questions regarding how severely traumatized children may meet diagnostic criteria for an accurate diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the comorbidity of PTSD with many other psychiatric illnesses, and the possibility that PTSD is not a valid diagnostic formulation as it has been applied to children and adolescents demonstrate that the currently held concept of PTSD may not be operationally sound. PURPOSE: To explore recent empirical studies to demonstrate the current state of controversy and postulate future direction of the conceptual framework. SOURCES: Selected published literature. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD in children and adolescents, as it is popularly understood as a conceptual framework, is found to be undergoing a conceptual metamorphosis.     

Adjustment Difficulties of Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease

TOPIC: The psychosocialfactors that affect adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD). PURPOSE: To explore whether specific psychosocial factors can provide clues to the future adjustment of this population. SOURCES: Ovid Web, Medline, Psychinfo, and CINAHL databases for the years 1997 to 2001. CONCLUSIONS: Promoting effective psychosocial functioning is as important as managing the medical aspects of SCD, yet this is an area of care that is commonly overlooked. Nurses, therefore, have an opportunity to have a significant impact on the lives of adolescents with SCD if they intervene in ways to promote both biological and psychosocial adjustment.     

Modification of the Diagnostic Content Validity Model

Diagnostic content validation of nursing diagnoses is a recommended means to confirm the defining characteristics necessary to establish a specific nursing diagnosis. The diagnostic content validity model has been used in numerous studies to develop lists of major and minor defining characteristics recommended by experts as being present in patients with specific diagnoses. The authors provide an overview of the diagnostic content validity model, review the meaning and purposes of content validity, discuss problems with information processing, and suggest revisions to the diagnostic content validity model. Incorporation of these changes may improve the usability of nursing diagnoses in clinical practice, education, and research.