Assessment programs to enhance learning

Background: Assessment is an essential part of the educational system. Usually, assessment is used to measure students’ knowledge, but it can also be used to drive students’ learning and behaviors. Assessment programs should be constructed in a well-balanced way allowing not only measuring students’ knowledge but also changing students’ behavior.

Objectives: In this paper, we will discuss different strategies that can be used to change students’ behaviors which may improve their learning.

Main findings: Assessment as well as the learning material should be congruent with the objectives. Based on the literature, we summarize findings that would address key points to allow assessment for learning instead of learning.

Conclusions: When constructing an assessment program, choices have to be made that depend on aspects like logistics, financial, organizational, managerial, educational culture, and cooperation of individual and key faculty members. It is important to realize that whatever decisions you make, students will always adapt their behavior to the way you construct your assessment program.     

Career Placement of Doctor of Pharmacy Graduates at Eight U.S. Midwestern Schools

Objective. To characterize postgraduation placement plans of 2013 doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) graduates.Methods. A cross-sectional survey of PharmD graduates from 8 midwestern colleges of pharmacy was designed to capture a comprehensive picture of graduating students’ experiences and outcomes of their job search.Results. At graduation, 81% of 2013 respondents had postgraduate plans, with approximately 40% accepting jobs and 40% accepting residencies or fellowships. Eighty-four percent of graduates reported being pleased with offers received, and 86% received placement in their preferred practice setting. Students perceived that securing residencies was more difficult than securing jobs. Students who participated in key activities had a nearly sevenfold increase in successful residency placement.Conclusion. While the demand for pharmacists decreased in recent years, responses indicated successful placement by the majority of 2013 graduates at the time of graduation.     

Identification of an oncogenic form of the thrombopoietin receptor MPL using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer

Thrombopoietin and its receptor (MPL) are important regulators of megakaryopoiesis. We have identified an activating mutation of MPL using a combination of a retrovirus-mediated gene transfer and polymerase chain reaction-driven random mutagenesis. This point mutation causes a single amino acid substitution from Ser498 to Asn498 in the transmembrane region and abrogates factor-dependency of all interleukin-3-dependent cell lines tested. Murine interleukin-3- dependent Ba/F3 cells expressing the mutated but not the normal form of MPL were tumorigenic when transduced into syngeneic mice. Analysis of intracellular signaling pathways indicated that the mutant MPL protein constitutively activated two distinct signaling pathways, SHC-Raf-MAPK and JAK2-STAT3/STAT5.     

Efficacy and safety of telaprevir (TVR) triple therapy in a ‘real‐life’ cohort of 102 patients with HCV genotype 1: interim analysis after 24 weeks of treatment

Since 2011, telaprevir (TVR)‐based triple therapy is the new treatment standard for hepatitis C genotype 1 virus infection. The aim of our retrospective interim analysis encompassing the first 24 weeks on TVR‐based triple therapy was to assess ‘real‐life’ antiviral efficacy and side effects in a large single‐centre cohort, both in comparison with the data obtained in large prospective clinical trials. In total, we treated 102 patients: 24 treatment‐naïve patients, 58 patients pretreated with PEG‐IFN/RBV (thereof: 28 with nonresponse, 25 with relapse, five unknown) and 20 patients who previously had received nonpegylated interferon. 74 of 102 patients were assigned with HCV genotype 1b; 34 of 102 patients were treated in the context of liver cirrhosis. 72 of 102 patients have reached treatment week 24 (mean treatment duration 31 weeks). In the ITT analysis, overall response rates were at: week 4: 66%; week 12: 85%; and week 24: 78%. So far, 24 patients discontinued treatment prematurely, of those, 10 patients were due to virological failure. Haematological side effects were frequent (40% anaemia), as were ‘flu‐like’ symptoms (94%), rash (65%) and pruritus (79%). According to our interim ITT analysis encompassing up to 24 weeks of TVR‐based triple therapy, our ‘real‐life’ antiviral effects are comparable to the results of large multicentric clinical trials. However, TVR‐based triple therapy exhibited a high frequency of side effects requiring multiple therapeutic interventions. Notably, in our ‘real‐life’ cohort, no lethal case was observed so far.     

Safety and Effectiveness of Transvenous Lead Extraction in Octogenarians

Transvenous Lead Extraction . Introduction: As the population ages, the number of elderly patients with implantable cardiac devices referred for transvenous lead extraction will dramatically increase in Western countries. The safety and effectiveness of lead extraction in elderly patients has not been well evaluated. We report the safety and effectiveness of transvenous lead extraction in octogenarians. Methods and Results: From January 2005 to January 2011, we reviewed data from consecutive patients ≥ 80 years referred to our institutions for transvenous lead extraction because of cardiac device infection or lead malfunction. Clinical characteristics, procedural features, and periprocedural major and minor complications were compared between octogenarians and younger patients. Out of 849 patients undergoing lead extraction in the participating institutions during the study period, 150 (18%) patients were octogenarians (mean age 84 years; range 80–96; 64% males). A significantly higher percentage of octogenarians presented with chronic renal failure (55% vs 26%; P < 0.001), history of malignancy (22% vs 6%; P < 0.001), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (46% vs 19%; P < 0.001). Complete lead extraction rates were similar in the 2 age groups (97% in octogenarians vs 96% in patients <80 years; P = 0.39). Periprocedural death occurred in 2 (1.3%) patients ≥80 years and in 5 (0.72%) patients <80 years (P = 0.45 for comparison). No differences in terms of other periprocedural major and minor complications were found between the 2 age groups. Conclusion: Despite presenting with a significantly higher rate of comorbidities, transvenous lead extraction can be performed safely and successfully in octogenarians. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23 pp. 1103‐1108, October 2012)     

Priorities and challenges for a palliative approach to care for rural indigenous populations: A scoping review

We carried out a scoping review to identify key priorities and challenges relevant to rural Indigenous palliative care stated in existing literature. Our scoping review activities followed Arskey and O'Malley's principles for conducting a scoping review. We included peer‐reviewed literature from MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE that included a discussion of Indigenous populations, palliative care, and rural settings, and did not use date limits. The literature search was conducted in April 2016, and the retrieved literature was screened for relevance and appropriateness April 2016–March of 2017. In addition to the academic literature, a scan of the grey literature was conducted in March 2017. The retrieved grey literature was screened for relevance and reviewed by a team from a provincial health authority serving Indigenous peoples to ensure relevance in a rural BC setting. Once reviewed for relevance and appropriateness, we added four reports to supplement our analysis. Ultimately, 44 peer‐reviewed articles and 4 pieces of grey literature met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Our analysis revealed several challenges and priorities relevant to rural Indigenous palliative care. Key challenges included: (i) environmental and contextual issues; (ii) institutional barriers; and (iii) interpersonal dynamics challenging client/clinician interactions. Priorities included: (i) family connections throughout the dying process; (ii) building local capacity for palliative care to provide more relevant and culturally appropriate care; and (iii) flexibility and multi‐sectoral partnerships to address the complexity of day‐to‐day needs for patients/families. These findings point to several areas for change and action that can improve the relevance, access and comprehensiveness of palliative care programming for rural Indigenous communities in Canada and elsewhere. Taking into account of the diversity and unique strengths of each Indigenous community will be vital in developing sustainable and meaningful change.     

Measuring a state of mind indicative of thriving using the Student Pharmacist Inventory of Professional Engagement (S-PIPE)

Background

Professional engagement has importance to the professional of pharmacy, and in particular the growth of student pharmacists. Measurement of this construct would allow investigation of factors that may increase or decrease professional engagement.

Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction and Their Correlation with Educational Standards among Dental Assistants

A disparity exists in the educational qualifications of dental assistants working in various public and private institutions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of professional and personal characteristics on job satisfaction among dental assistants. A cross-sectional survey was performed among dental assistants using a 24-item self-administered questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between overall job satisfaction and other variables. The overall response rate was 72.1%. Factor analysis suggested that five underlying factors were related to job satisfaction. The mean score for overall job satisfaction was 3.86 (satisfied) out of 5. Among the work environment factors, the highest mean score, 4.26 (satisfied), was obtained for quality of service, and the lowest mean score, 2.78 (neutral), was obtained for the perception of income. The income and general prospects of the profession was significantly associated with overall job satisfaction. This study suggests that for dental assistants, professional and personal life, quality of service, perception of income and prestige and self-respect are important factors for job satisfaction. Despite differences in professional formation standards, in general, the study participants were considerably satisfied with their jobs.