Multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for selective detection of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Three sets of primers were designed for detecting O4, H:i, and H:1,2 antigen genes from the antigen-specific genes rfbJ, fliC, and fljB, respectively. These were evaluated in a multiplex PCR assay by using DNAs from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, 15 other Salmonella serovars, and 8 non-Salmonella enteric pathogens. Multiplex PCR proved to be capable of identifying S. enterica serovar Typhimurium specifically and differentiating it from other Salmonella serovars in addition to non-Salmonella enteric pathogens. Thus, this multiplex PCR assay can be practically applied to the identification of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.     

Thymidine phosphorylase and angiogenesis in early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Background

The relationship between thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and angiogenesis at the early stage of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma has been unclear.

Methods

Using 14 samples of normal squamous epithelium, 11 samples of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and 64 samples of superficial esophageal cancer, microvessel density (MVD) was estimated using immunostaining for CD34 and CD105. TP expression was also evaluated in both cancer cells and stromal monocytic cells (SMCs). We then investigated the correlation between MVD and TP expression in both cancer cells and SMCs.

Results

On the basis of the above parameters, MVD was significantly higher in cancerous lesions than in normal squamous epithelium. In terms of CD34 and CD105 expression, MVD showed a gradual increase from normal squamous epithelium, to low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia, and then to M1 and M2 cancer, and M3 or deeper cancer. M1 and M2 cancer showed overexpression of TP in both cancer cells and SMCs. There was no significant correlation between TP expression in cancer cells and MVD estimated from CD34 (rS = 0.16, P = 0.21) or CD105 (rS = 0.05, P = 0.68) expression. Significant correlations were found between TP expression in SMCs and CD34-related (rS = 0.46, P < 0.001) and CD105-related (rS = 0.34, P < 0.01) MVD. In M3 or deeper cancers, there were no significant correlations between TP expression in cancer cells or SMCs and venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, and lymph node metastasis.

Conclusion

TP expression is activated in both cancer cells and stromal monocytic cells at the very early stage of ESCC progression. TP expression in SMCs, rather than in cancer cells, is significantly correlated with angiogenesis.

     

Impact of reflux esophagitis on the esophageal function before and after laparoscopic fundoplication

Background

High-resolution manometry (HRM), which is breakthrough testing equipment to evaluate esophageal motor function, was developed in Europe and United State and has garnered attention. Moreover, multichannel intraluminal impedance pH (MII-pH) testing has allowed us to grasp all liquid/gas reflux including not only acid but also non-acid reflux. We examined the impact of the presence of reflux esophagitis (RE) on esophageal motor function before and after laparoscopic fundoplication.

Materials and methods

The subjects included 100 patients (male: 63 patients, mean age: 54.1?±?15.8) among 145 patients who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication for GERD associated diseases during a 4-year period from October 2012 to September 2016, excluding 6 patients who underwent further surgery, 32 patients on whom HRM was not performed, 3 patients who had technical errors during testing, and 4 patients for whom the status of RE was unknown. Regarding HRM, Mano Scan from Given Imaging Ltd. was used, and for the analysis, Mano View version 3.0 from the same company was used, after which data was calculated based on the Chicago Classification advocated by Pandolfino et al. Moreover, for the MII-pH testing, Sleuth manufactured by Sandhill Scientific. Inc. was used and automatic analysis was conducted by a computer. Postoperative assessments were conducted 3 months following surgery for all. Data was described in the median value and inter-quartile range, with a statistically significant difference defined as p?<?0.05 by Chi square, Mann–Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests.

Results

RE+?group (Los Angeles classification A:B:C:D?=?7:9:16:12 patients) included 44 patients (44%), of older age compared to the RE? group (62 vs. 50 years, p?=?0.012) and a higher Body Mass Index value (24.0 vs. 22.5, p?=?0.045); however, no differences were observed in terms of gender and duration of symptoms. In the preoperative findings on MII-pH, the RE+?group demonstrated significantly longer acid reflux time (4.7 vs. 1.3%, p?=?0.005), while in the HRM findings, the RE? group demonstrated a significantly longer abdominal esophagus (0 vs. 0.4 cm, p?=?0.049) and maintained esophageal body motor function (DCI: 1054 vs. 1407 mmHg s cm, p?=?0.021, Intact peristalsis ratio: 90 vs. 100%, p?=?0.037). As to the comparison of the treatment effect before and after laparoscopic fundoplication (Toupet fundoplication for all), significant improvements were observed in both groups in various parameters regarding reflux including acid reflux time, total number of liquid reflux episodes and total number of reflux episodes. Moreover, for both groups, the total length of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (RE+?group: 2.7 vs. 3.2 cm, p?=?0.001, RE? group: 3.0 vs. 3.4 cm, p?=?0.003) and the total length of the abdominal esophagus (RE+?group: 0 vs. 1.6 cm, p?<?0.001, RE? group: 0 vs. 1.8 cm, p?=?0.001) were significantly extended following surgery; however, no change was observed in DCI before and after surgery.

Conclusions

Regardless of the presence of RE, cardiac function and LES function were improved following laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication, but no changes were observed in esophageal body motor function.

     

Metastatic hypopharyngeal and esophageal cancer to a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy site

The patient was a 63-year-old man who underwent percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for nutritional management while undergoing radiochemotherapy for hypopharyngeal and esophageal cancer. At about 6 months after PEG, redness and swelling were seen around the gastrostomy site, and pathological testing confirmed the same poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma as the hypopharyngeal and esophageal cancer. The tumor caused symptoms associated with buried bumper syndrome to increase significantly.     

Multicystic aneurysmal dilatation of bilateral coronary artery fistula

Bilateral coronary artery fistula constitutes an uncommon subgroup of coronary artery fistulas that may have a distinct embryologic origin. Coronary artery fistulas usually show a tortuous arrangement upon coronary angiography, but aneurysmal dilatation is rare. We report here an extremely rare case of coronary artery fistula originating from both coronary arteries, which showed multicystic aneurysmal dilatation.     

Flowcharts for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas

No strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract carcinoma have been clearly described. We developed flowcharts for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract carcinoma on the basis of the best clinical evidence. Risk factors for bile duct carcinoma are a dilated type of pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. A nondilated type of PBM is a risk factor for gallbladder carcinoma. Symptoms that may indicate biliary tract carcinoma are jaundice and pain in the upper right area of the abdomen. The first step of diagnosis is to carry out blood biochemistry tests and ultrasonography (US) of the abdomen. The second step of diagnosis is to find the local extension of the carcinoma by means of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Because resection is the only way to completely cure biliary tract carcinoma, the indications for resection are determined first. In patients with resectable disease, the indications for biliary drainage or portal vein embolization (PVE) are checked. In those with nonresectable disease, biliary stenting, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or best supportive care is selected.     

Delayed esophageal perforation after laparoscopic fundoplication in a patient with diabetes mellitus: a case report

A 55-year-old man on hemodialysis for diabetic nephropathy suffered from vomiting and hematoemesis. He was diagnosed to have reflux esophagitis with Los Angeles classification grade D, which was accompanied by a shortened esophagus and stricture. His reflux esophagitis was proton pump inhibitor resistant. Therefore, we performed laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication. Delayed esophageal perforation occurred on the ninth day postoperatively, for which he had to be reoperated. To our knowledge, there is no previous report of delayed esophageal perforation after laparoscopic fundoplication. Esophageal perforation might have been caused by denudation or attenuation of the abdominal esophagus.